Strategic Management and Personal Media Players

Apple, Inc. in 2010 Assignment Questions 1. What are the chief elements of Apple’s overall competitive strategy? How well do the pieces fit together? Is the strategy evolving? 2. What are the key elements of Apple’s strategy in computers, personal media players, and smartphones? Have its strategies in its core businesses yielded success? Explain. 3. What does a competitive strength assessment reveal about Apple’s computer business, as compared to the leaders in the personal computer industry? Use the methodology in Table 4. to support your answer. Does it appear that the company’s competitive positions in personal media players and smartphones or stronger or weaker than its position in computers? 4. Does it make good strategic sense for Apple to be a competitor in the computer, personal media player, smartphone, and tablet computer industries? Are the value chain activities that Apple performs in computers, personal media players, tablet computers and smar tphones very similar and â€Å"compatible† or are there very important differences from product to product?Which of the four products lines—computers, tablet computers, personal media players, or smartphones—do you think is most important to Apple’s future growth and profitability? Why? 5. What is your assessment of Apple Computer’s financial performance the past three years? (Use the financial ratios in Table 4. 1 on pages 94-96 of the text as a guide in doing your financial analysis. ) 6. What recommendations would you make to allow Apple to strengthen its position in its most important markets? What steps should it take to ensure that the iPad becomes a success in the marketplace and a major contributor to the company’s overall performance?Google’s Strategy in 2010* Assignment Questions 1. Discuss competition in the search industry. Which of the five competitive forces seem strongest? weakest? What is your assessment of overall ind ustry attractiveness? 2. How is the search industry changing? What forces seem most likely to bring about major change to the industry within the next three to five years? 3. What are the key factors that define success in the industry? What are the key competencies, capabilities, and resources of successful search engine companies? 4. Describe Google’s customer value roposition and profit formula linked to its business model. What strategies has Google relied upon to build competitive advantage in the industry? 5. Have Google’s business model and strategy proven to be successful? Should investors be impressed with the company’s financial performance? How does the company’s financial performance compare to that of Microsoft and Yahoo? Please conduct a financial analysis to support your position—you may wish to use the financial ratios presented in the Table 4. 1 of the text as a guide in doing your financial analysis of the company. . What are the company’s key resources and competitive capabilities? What competitive liabilities and resource weaknesses does it have? What opportunities exist? What threats to its continued success are present? 7. What recommendations would you make to Google’s top-management team to sustain its competitive advantage in the search industry? How should it best capitalize on its strategic initiatives in mobile phones, cloud computing, emerging markets, and other ventures? Southwest Airlines in 2010: Culture, Values, and Operating Practices Assignment Questions . Is there anything that you find particularly impressive about Southwest Airlines? 2. What grade would you give Southwest management for the job it has done in crafting the company’s strategy? What is it that you like or dislike about the strategy? Does Southwest have a winning strategy? 3. What are the key policies, procedures, operating practices, and core values underlying Southwest’s efforts to implement and execute its low-cost/no frills strategy? 4. What are the key elements of Southwest’s culture? Is Southwest a strong culture company? Why or why not?What problems do you foresee that Gary Kelly has in sustaining the culture now that Herb Kelleher, the company’s spiritual leader, has departed? 5. What grade would you give Southwest management for the job it has done in implementing and executing the company’s strategy? Which of Southwest’s strategy execution approaches and operating practices do you believe have been most crucial in accounting for the success that Southwest has enjoyed in executing its strategy? Are the any policies, procedures, and operating approaches at Southwest that you disapprove of or that are not working well? 6.What weaknesses or problems do you see at Southwest Airlines as of mid-2010? 7. Does the AirTran acquisition make good strategic sense for Southwest? 8. What strategic issues and problems do Gary Kelly and Southwest executiv es need to address as they proceed to close the deal with the AirTran acquisition and contemplate how best to integrate AirTran’s operations and AirTran’s employees into Southwest? 9. What recommendations would you make to Gary Kelly and Southwest executives as the company heads into 2011? Competition in Energy Drinks, Sports Drinks and Vitamin-Enhanced Beverages Assignment Questions 1.What are the strategically relevant components of the global and U. S. beverage industry macro-environment? How do the economic characteristics of the alternative beverage segment of the industry differ from that of other beverage categories? Explain. 2. What is competition like in the alternative beverage industry? Which of the five competitive forces is strongest? Which is weakest? What competitive forces seem to have the greatest effect on industry attractiveness and the potential profitability of new entrants? 3. How is the market for energy drinks, sports drinks and vitamin-enhanced beverages changing?What are the underlying drivers of change and how might those forces individually or collectively make the industry more or less attractive? 4. What does your strategic group map of the energy drink, sports drink, and vitamin-enhanced beverage industry look like? Which strategic groups do you think are in the best positions? The worst positions? 5. What key factors determine the success of alternative beverage producers? 6. What recommendations would you make to Coca-Cola to improve its competitiveness in the global alternative beverage industry? to PepsiCo? to Red Bull GmbH?

Health Concerns of Processed Foods Essay

Processed foods have been created mainly for convenience and some of the ingredients in these products may not be safe or healthy for us. Processed foods are more convenient because if we don’t finish the product or don’t consume it we don’t have to worry about it spoiling anytime soon as the packaging and ingredients prevent bacteria from forming and keep the food edible but can these extra ingredients and packaging have a health risk. Altering the product can have a different effect in our bodies and how we process them. There is a debate whether processed foods are good or bad for us but it just comes down to the product. Therefore, it’s important for us to know the foods we are going to consume and if some of those ingredients pose a health concern. Diet soda is thought to be a better and healthier choice but the artificial sweetener can actually cause more harm, so it’s neither better nor healthier. Artificial sweeteners can trick 1 Brian Alvarez our bodies into thinking its consuming sugar, but once we do consume real sugars our bodies aren’t sure whether to process the sugar so this can cause a health effect such as metabolic confusion and over consumption. Research has been done by the University of Virginia in Richmond showing that artificial sweeteners could confuse the body’s intake in calories which would lead to over eating. Artificial sweeteners are mainly used by people who are on diets and diabetics also it doesn’t contribute to tooth decay and cavities. These artificial sweeteners can be great for diabetics since they need to control their sugar intake this allows them to have more control on foods they consume.(nearly 26 million people in American have diabetes) Another processed food which is debated is Margarine such as the product â€Å"I can’t believe it’s not butter†. The soft margarine that comes in containers is  made from vegetable oils and has less saturated fa t than standard butter and stick margarine. People who mainly use stick margarine on their foods have a higher risk of getting heart disease because it contains Tran’s fats so this causes a decrease in good cholesterol in the body. Soft margarine can be a better alternative but it depends on 2 Brian Alvarez which margarine we buy and consume. Stick Margarine is actually worse for a person’s cholesterol than soft margarine and butter but between the two soft margarine is better as long as the labeling says no Tran’s fats. Food manufacturers mainly use trans fat in their products but now that we see the health risks from consuming trans fats companies started cutting back on using them because of the potential health risks. Trans fat has been linked with health risks such as high cholesterol and puts us more at risk for heart disease. Trans Fat is a man made substance that is a mixture of hydrogen gas and vegetable oil, this makes the oil have a longer shelf life, makes the food taste better, is cheaper and enhances flavor. These are the main reasons manufacturers use trans fat in their products. When a product says no trans fat there is still a possibility it may contain trans fats because products are legally allowed to put no trans fats in their product if their serving portions contain less than 0.5 grams of trans fats. It’s recommended not to consume more than 2 grams of Tran fats per day and in products that say no trans fats we should check the ingredients in the label to see if it contains hydrogenated oils to make sure it has no trans fats. Processed foods tend to contain high fructose corn syrup because of its sweet taste, low cost to make and is great at mixing with other ingredients. High fructose corn syrup is still being looked into if it has any health concerns or affects our metabolism. Although high fructose corn syrup chemical composition is similar to regular sugar it can’t be broken down as easily than regular sugars. Companies began using High fructose corn syrup since 1977 when the price of sugar increased and government regulations kept the price of corn low so High Fructose corn syrup is seen as a more economical substitute. The U.S and Canada have the highest price of sugar, it’s twice  the as much as the global price. Marketing campaigns by corn industries have tried giving high fructose corn syrup a good name by saying its all natural since it’s made from corn because of all the negative feedback from the press. Although these Corn companies are calling it â€Å"Natural† i t really doesn’t mean much as Natural isn’t really regulated by the FDA. When we look at labels in processed foods we tend not to look at the sodium content which can be a bad thing if we consume too much of it in order to maintain a healthy diet. Sodium is a main ingredient in processed foods because it   enhances the sugars flavor, increases the shelf life of foods, and prevents bacteria from forming. The average person consumes 50 percent more sodium than what is recommended daily. In our diets 75 percent of sodium we consume daily comes from processed foods and most of the excess salts we consume are coming from processed foods. We tend to think that because a food has a product that is healthy or natural it’s going to be good for us but once it becomes processed it adds all sorts of other ingredients or takes away the nutritional value. Processed food companies try to make their products appear healthy but add other ingredients which were better off eating the regular version. Yogurt is an example which companies label them as fat-free or low fat and they are but substitute the fats for sugars to make them better tasting but just causes more weight gain as a result. Milk is a good type of processed food which makes it safer for us to consume. When milk is processed it goes through a stage where it is pasteurized and homogenized. The Pasteurization kills the bacteria in the milk and homogenization prevents the fats from separating. Brian Alvarez The Packaging in which processed foods are held in can have a health risk for us due to the BPA found in them. Traces of BPA can be found in canned foods and in products packaged in plastic. BPA can lead to heart disease, cancer and development issues, but has a bigger impact on younger children. Traces of BPA is found in 90 percent of Americans and we are getting them from the packaging in these foods. Works cited â€Å"Artificial Sweeteners and Other Sugar Substitutes.† By Mayo Clinic Staff Mayo Clinic. 09 Oct.2012. Web. Betsch, Mara. â€Å"25 Surprisingly Salty Processed Foods.† Health Smart. New York. HealthMagazine. Print. Boeschenstein, Nell. â€Å"How The Food Industry Manipulates Taste Buds with ‘Salt Sugar Fat’.† NPR. National Public Radio, 26 Feb. 2013. Web. 16 Jan. 2014. Heyes, Ashley. â€Å"Put Down That Doughnut: FDA Takes on Trans Fats† CNN. Health. 13 Nov.2013. Web. 21 Jan.2014. Jegtvig, Shereen. â€Å"What are Processed Foods.† About Nutrition. Health Nutrition, 18 Mar. 2007. Web. 16 Jan. 2014. Lovell, Joel. â€Å"The Extraordinary Science of Addictive Junk Food.† New York Times, 20 Feb.2013. Print. 7 Mercola, Joseph. â€Å"America’s Deadliest Sweetener Betrays Millions, Then Hoodwinks You With Name Change.† HuffPost. Healthy Living. 06 July.2010. Web. 20 Jan.2014. Warner, Melanie. Interview with Hari Sreenivasan. PBS NewsHour. Public Television. 14 March 2013. Television. WhiteLocks, Sadie. â€Å"Does Fat-Free Yogurt Cause Greater Weight Gain Than the Full Fat Kind?† Mail Online. UK. 03 Sep.2013. Web. 21 Jan.2014 Waseem, Fatimah.†Studys Link Food Packaging Chemical and Obesity.† USAToday. 12 Jun.2013. Web. 8

Fundraising Presentation

Fundraising Presentation, Gyumri April 15 –April 16, 2013 I. The Basics of Fundraising a. What is fundraising? i. Raising money for a cause or project ii. Includes building a prospect pool, asking for money or in-kind donations, meeting donor expectations, clearly defining needs and resources, thanking the donors (stewardship), events, public relations, and monitoring and evaluation iii. Most important aspect: relationships, which can take time to develop b. Why is funding diversity important? iv. Chair example: If a chair only has one leg, it is unstable and will fall over.The more legs a chair has, the more stable it becomes. Same for an organization, if an organization has a sole funder, their success is determinant upon the stability of that relationship and continued funding. The more funders an organization has, the more stable they are. If one funder pulls their support, the organization does not collapse. c. Think about your organization for which you are fundraising ( hand out index cards for everyone to write their answers) v. What is their mission? vi. What is their vision? vii. Why do they exist? viii. What would happen if this organization didn’t exist? x. Why are you here? x. Can everyone from your organization, your community, your beneficiaries, your donors, etc clearly define the mission of the organization and is it basically the same? xi. Is the financial support you have received in the past and are looking to secure in the future in line with your mission? xii. Look at yourselves as a public benefit organization d. Presentation of the Organization xiii. Are you all working towards the same mission? xiv. â€Å"Elevator Pitch† 1. Clear and concise description of your organization, its work, and its value 2.Thirty seconds to two minutes (one of the most important interactions with your donor) 3. All staff, volunteers, and those associated with your organization should have a pitch 4. Give Peace Corps example 5. Homework for second day xv. Needs of the NGO 6. Needs include money, resources, materials, trainings, etc. 7. Can you tell me today what your specific needs are and how much those needs would cost? (Financial/ Resources Needs Assessment) xvi. Public Relations 8. Website, Newsletters, Email Updates, Facebook page 9.All of your social media and newsletters should be consistent with each other, updated at the same time with comparable information 10. We’ll go into more details about Public relations shortly e. Donor Expectations xvii. If you were to give money to an organization, what would you want in return? 11. Elevator Pitch 12. Clearly defined mission and vision 13. Reasons why they should invest in your NGO/project 14. Projects, ideas, and plans for which you need financial support 15. Overview of successful projects you have done in the past 16.Reports 17. Good reputation in the community and with beneficiaries 18. Communication, Honesty, Transparency 19. Commitment and cohesiveness of the staff 20. What exactly you are going to do with their money f. Donor Relations and Stewardship xviii. Updates to donor xix. How are you thanking them? xx. How are you recognizing their donation? xxi. Will they give again? xxii. Will go into more details about this shortly II. Identifying and Working with Donors g. Donor Prospect Pool xxiii. Who might want to give to this organization? brainstorm a list) 21. Parishioners of the church 22. World Vision, Caritas, other NGO’s in the community with resources to give 23. Family and friends 24. Local community members (why is what you’re doing important to them? , Who will feel moved by the work you are doing? ) 25. Diaspora 26. Corporations – VivaCell, Orange Foundation, Coca Cola 27. Realities of fundraising in Armenia a. Grants- majority are international b. Corporate Giving/ Corporate Social Responsibility- new concept here in Armenia c.Government funding- In 2011, the state provided NGO’s with $8 mil lion, mostly to sports federations and state-funded or state-operated organizations on a noncompetitive basis d. Individual donations e. Community Support f. Diaspora g. Funding Diversity h. Projects being donor driven not mission driven i. Overhead costs xxiv. Who do you know? xxv. Relationships are the key to building your prospect pool xxvi. Invite potential prospects to visit your organization, build the relationship before you ask them for something h. What makes a person or organization donate? xvii. If you meet with an organization, how do you expect them to present themselves to you? 28. Clear, concise, honest overview 29. Well thought out, able to easily identify the mission, vision, and beneficiaries to be served 30. Overview of successful projects, current projects, and future plans 31. Overview of specific needs of the NGO xxviii. Do you believe in the mission and vision? 32. A donor has to believe in the mission or vision, or you have to help them believe, give them rea sons to care. xxix. How do they have to use your money and what do you want in return from them? 33.Communication, honesty, transparent used exactly as they say it will be used for effective projects xxx. What will make you give again? 34. communication, success, beneficiary satisfaction, reporting, relationship with the organization, recognition of the organization, name in the community/associated with the project xxxi. What kind of relationship do you expect from the NGO? 35. strong leadership, honesty, communication, want to feel proud of the work they are doing and the reputation they have in the community, understanding of strategic goals, I want to see the organization has taken the time to define themselves III.Fundraising Plan i. Should be written on an annual basis j. Who is going to write the plan? xxxii. Should have a lead who collaborates with your Director, key stakeholders, and the board k. Start with your fundraising goal (how much money do you need? ) xxxiii. This f undraising goal amount should be based on the needs of the organization xxxiv. How much money needs to be raised/ resources secured in order to carry out the activities which your organization wants to carry out over the next year? l. The mission/ message (Why do you need the money? xxxv. What do you plan to do with the money you raise? xxxvi. Line by line- what are you using your budget for? m. The Tactics (How are you going to raise this money? ) xxxvii. Figure out how you are going to raise different amounts of money over the course of the next year and where that money is going to go. xxxviii. Identify different tactics 36. Individual Giving 37. Major Donor Groups- talking with larger corporations 38. Events 39. Online giving 40. Participatory Fundraising 41. Grants 42. Corporate Giving Programs n. The Timeline xxix. Create the timeline to include dates for all events and fundraising goals throughout the year IV. Donor Relations and Stewardship (managing the gift, thanking and k eeping the donor engaged) o. The comprehensive effort of any nonprofit that seeks philanthropic support to ensure that donors experience high-quality interactions with the organization that foster long-term engagement and investment. This effort is commonly thought to have four elements. xl. Gift acceptance and management 43. Your organizations policies and procedures for gifts. 44.Discussion about how the gift is going to be used, making sure the donors requests and the organizations needs are in line. 45. Procedures to track how the gift is being used. 46. Structures for Giving Opportunities (Example: donor recognition pieces/plaques, named spaces, or giving societies) xli. Acknowledgement 47. Thanking the donor j. Personalized letters, E-mails, phone calls, visits- should happen within the first week in which the gift is received xlii. Donor Recognition 48. How do your donors wanted to be recognized for their giving? 49.Mention in the newsletter, announcement at events, naming a space, donor plaques, press release, 50. This is the public forum for thanking a donor for their gift but need to ask for donor permission to do so. 51. For Participatory Fundraising- announcing and rewarding the top fundraisers publicly 52. Honor Rolls- announcement of donors to the organization printed publicly and thanking the donors through this forum. 53. Donor Walls/Donor Plaques- having a space in the center where donor names are listed for the public and your beneficiaries to see 54.Donor Recognition Events, awards, mementos, and volunteer opportunities-these not only are fun for the donors, but also help to strengthen your relationship with your donors and also show them that they are important to you. Can be big events with all of your donors or intimate lunches with the Director and/or some of your beneficiaries. xliii. Reporting (also referred to as stewardship) 55. Telling the donor the impact they are making on the mission of your organization or the specific projects they have given to. Why their giving has made a difference. 56.Two different ways of reporting: qualitative (storytelling confirming the usage of funds) and quantitative (shows the carrying out of spending funds properly) V. Public Relations (or PR) p. Everything your organization does to get public/press coverage of what your work q. Why is it important? xliv. Gets the word out and communicates your message xlv. Builds your audience xlvi. Builds your credibility and reputation within your community, with your beneficiaries, and your donors, thus helping to foster stronger relationships xlvii.Shows the results and successes of your work xlviii. Good time to use your elevator pitch r. Examples of PR xlix. Printed materials 57. Newsletters 58. Press Releases (work with your local media) 59. Brochures 60. Announcements about projects including donor/supporters names 61. Can be a two way street with your supporters (donors and volunteers) l. Television 62. Use for advertising about prog rams/projects or upcoming events 63. Can also be used for purposes of interviewing about your organization li. Online 64. Website 65. Facebook 66.Email blasts 67. Online newsletters/news stories lii. Special Events 68. Lectures or talks with experts, beneficiaries or having one of your donors to come in and speak 69. Volunteer Day s. Why is PR important for fundraising? liii. Can increase the money and resources coming in liv. New prospects find you 70. People learn about your work 71. If really good coverage- prospects come to you to learn more, volunteer, and possibly even invest in your work lv. Raising General Awareness 72. Remember to refer to yourself as a public benefit organization 73.Raising awareness in your immediate community about the work which is being done around them and the need to help accomplish those goals 74. Helps people remember your name and your mission lvi. â€Å"Social Proof† 75. Again building on your credibility- coverage shows that what you are doing is important and a leader in your community 76. Can also bring your public relations materials during donor meetings to further engage donors. VI. Let’s create a campaign! t. Make a plan lvii. What are we raising money for? lviii. Why are we raising money for this? lix. How much money do we need? lx.When do we need the money? 77. How are we going to raise the money? lxi. Who is going to be on the committee? lxii. What kind of advertising are we going to do for the campaign? lxiii. What kind of materials/resources do we need for the campaign? lxiv. How are we going to engage and thank our donors? u. What are we raising money for? lxv. Pick one project/event you would like to do with your organization 78. Birthday parties for kids with disabilities 79. Gifts/events for the chronically ill v. How much money do we need? lxvi. Create an overall budget which not only includes money but also resources lxvii.Can also create a useful tool to provide for your donors 80. Show them what their money will do: If you donate XX, we can include 5 more adults in our trainings for example. w. When do we need the money? 81. Create a timeline of not only the deadline, but all things which need to be done between now and the deadline as well as who is going to do those things x. How are we going to raise the money? lxviii. Participatory Fundraising (Get the crowd involved in your campaign, have to be very careful with planning to make sure the investment you make in these events is worth the return) 82.Athons- Walk-a-thons, Dance-a-thons, Read-a-thons k. a type of community or school fundraiser in which participants raise money by collecting donations or pledges for walking a predetermined distance or course, dancing for a predetermined amount of time, or read a certain amount of books within a predetermined time frame. 83. Spare Change boxes in the church 84. Raffles l. Sell raffle tickets for a particular item or a 50/50 raffle 85. Auctions m. People bid on certain i tems which have been donated for the cause. 86.Game competitions or carnival (Lemon ball) Each guest pays 1,000 dram for a lemon and closest lemon the bottle wins it. 87. Futbol tournament n. Have each team pay a certain amount to be a part of the tournament which will be donated to the organization. lxix. Individual Donors 88. Create a list of people/companies/organizations which may be interested in giving to this campaign lxx. Online Giving 89. Firstgiving. com y. Who is going to be involved in the committee? lxxi. Who needs to be included in all of the decisions made? Who is going to be in charge of which part of the campaign? . What kind of advertising are we going to do for the campaign? lxxii. Objective and Goals of the campaign lxxiii. Choose a campaign title 90. Race for the Cure (Run Breast Cancer out of Town) 91. Relay for Life (American Cancer Society) lxxiv. Create an â€Å"About the campaign† lxxv. How are we engaging the press? lxxvi. How are we updating our ow n online/print presence? {. What materials/ resources are we going to need? lxxvii. For example: how many people/volunteers are needed and for what amount of time lxxviii. Do you need prizes/awards xxix. Do you need space to put on the event lxxx. Need to think about things that may happen (for example, if it rains during the futbol tournament, what other arrangements need to be made? ) |. How are we going to engage and thank our donors? lxxxi. If participatory fundraising: need prizes/ awards for top fundraisers, guidelines, and thank yous lxxxii. Thank you letters, personalized, emails, phone calls, meetings lxxxiii. Online giving- should have thank you letters sent and update after the project is successful Fundraising P

The Life of John Adams Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Life of John Adams - Research Paper Example His father was a man of simple origins, but his mother Susanna Boylston Adams hailed from a very prestigious and elite family. As a bright and hardworking boy, he managed to enter Harvard in 1755. He started his career as school teacher and switched to study law under James Putnam. He served as successful lawyer in Boston for a decade. John Adams married Abigail Smith (1744-1818) and fathered four, the eldest of whom is John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the United States of America. The couple shared a unique intellectual companionship and the letters exchanged between them are preserved till date as a strong proof for lovable camaraderie. Contribution to the American Revolution John Adam plunged into politics angered by the oppressive acts of the British government like many other young men of his time. The Stamp Act of 1765, which ordered every legal document used in America should use only a stamped paper, produced in London, triggered wide spread agitations. A three membe r team including John Adams petitioned against the act and made it repealed in 1766. Adams rose in popularity when he defended Captain Thomas Preston in the Boston Massacre case. Adams influence grew with time and he became an important delegate of Continental Congress. At 1776, he became the chairman of the Continental Board of War and Ordnance. He travelled to Paris in 1778 where he aided Benjamin Franklin in pursuing France to help America fighting against Britain. He came back in 1779 and started writing the Boston state constitution very famous for its Bill of Rights. Adam travelled to Netherland and stayed there for nearly two years. He managed to raise a loan of one millions four hundred thousand dollars to support the revolution back home. This funding played a prominent role in the success of the revolution. He acted as the main instrumental diplomat in faming the Treaty of Paris (1783) which officially ended the American Revolution. Adams made sure the United States held t he rights for North Atlantic fishing during the treaty negotiations. He was influential in raising a huge amount of Dutch loan which helped the country face its first elections. He also framed various trade treaties with European countries other than British to maintain steady economy in the new nation. John Adams Presidency John Adams returned back to the new nation of his dreams the Independent United States of America nearly after ten years of staying abroad. He was made the Vice President of the country in honour of his service. He published several works during this period including Thoughts on Government, Discourses on Davila and many other newspaper articles2. After George Washington served two terms as President John Adams succeeded him as the second President of America. The White House was in its initial stage of construction then. John Adams became the first President to reside there with his family. John Adams term of Presidency posed enormous challenges. The French Revo lution was viewed upon as a great progressive step in the history of mankind by the Republicans and Thomas Jefferson. But, John Adams just viewed it as "a mob rule, violence and terror and eventually the establishment of a despotic government ruled by a single person".3 As a result John Adams sent two commissions to France to work out a treaty with the French known as the XYZ affair, causing great displease among his colleagues. The Alien and Sedition

1. Individualism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

1. Individualism - Essay Example Additionally, the process of decision-making must be such that it follows a universal rationality approach. Systemic rationality refers to the occurrences of the majority as defined by traditions, fiscal prices, communal norms, and customs, all of which cause free men to develop things that are superior to their understanding (Hayek 7-8). The implication is that true individualism values ordinary efforts by community or group, and family. Conversely, Hayek (22) the understanding of individuals is done best through separating them from the shared processes since the society and the individuals exist autonomous of each other. According to Hayek, the assumption is that individuals are strictly rational (10) and in order to participate in social processes, individuals are expected to readily and willingly adjust to alterations and remain submissive to standards that are beyond knowledgeable design (22). Additionally, false individualism disregards collaboration and the joint efforts of small groups to acknowledge coercive rules forced by states as responsible for establishing social ties. In this case, the state liberates individuals from forceful powers imposed on them by small groups. Rene Descartes and John Stuart Mill among others expressed this view. Hayek, however, warns that the individual has to be free in order for the society to be greater than the individual, but provided man is controlled and directed, the individual greater than the society (Hayek

Question answering on linked data Research Paper

Question answering on linked data - Research Paper Example Two searches are available, Navigation Search and Research Search. In navigational search, the user accesses the search engine as a navigation instrument to navigate to a particular targeted document. Semantic Search is not used in navigational searches. In Research Searching, the user feeds the search engine with a phrase is proposed to symbolize an object about which the user attempts to gather information. Rather than PageRank algorithm in Google, Semantic Web Search uses semantics to create highly pertinent searching results. This Search method can be used to retrieve the information from the data resource like ontology. Ontology1 is a technology used to facilitate the field knowledge to improve the query time used in Semantic Question Answering system. Data linking systems apply some of the systems identified in order to interweave Web data described in RDF. The following analysis studies some systems performing both automated and semi-automated data linking. Aqua log is able to learn the users language in order to improve the knowledge by the time. The user’s learning method is good in a way that it uses ontology reasoning to study and learn more general patterns, which could then be use again for the questions with analogous context.2 In this system Linguistic Component (LC) is used to change the NL questions into Query-triple format and Relation Similarity Service (RSS). The data model is triple based like {Subject or Object} type. The presentation is based on accuracy, recall and also failure types are referred individually. Averages of about 64 % of consecutive answers are retrieved from ontology with closed environment. ORAKEL used for computing planned answers of user query. It processes based questions as rational query type and information is symbolized with F-Logic and onto broker form. This system is

Works of Vincent Van Gogh and Claude Monet Essay

Works of Vincent Van Gogh and Claude Monet - Essay Example Gogh and Monet both had their own distinct styles of painting. Claude Monet was born in 1840 on November 14 in Paris. He grew up in LeHaver, near the sea. As a young boy he was a very good artist and his pictures were hung on the windows of art supply stores. Monet often traveled to France to paint. Monet had an impressionist style of painting. His favorite five things to paint were wheat stack, cathedrals, gardens, lily pond and Japanese bridge. Monet died in 1926 in Giverny. He was famous for French impressionist paintings. Many people came to his funeral. Unlike many artists, he was famous even before he died. His famous paintings include Morning Haze, Marine near Etretat and Lily Pond. Vincent Van Gogh was born in Holland in 1853. He worked at many jobs, such as at an art gallery, a school, a bookstore, as a preacher, and at last, he became an artist. His life was not much happy and he usually painted sad paintings with poor people in them. His paintings were always very dark until he saw some colorful Japanese paintings. After which he started painting happier paintings. He usually worked in postimpressionist style. But still his life was filled with sad events and his last painting was â€Å"wheat fields with crow† after which he shot himself. He is known as Dutch postimpressionist painter. His famous paintings include The Starry Night and Wheatfield with Crows. Claude Monet was an impressionist painter. Impressionist arts were painted as if someone just took a quick look at the subject of the painting. They were in bold colors and did not have much detail. The paintings in these styles were usually outdoor scenes like landscapes.

Female Nudity or Male Nudity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Female Nudity or Male Nudity - Research Paper Example Regulations against nudity have primarily gone a notch higher with the FCC and the MPA putting much emphasis on what cannot be said or seen on television. The rules have become tighter with every television programme forced to adhere to these rules. The FCC generally controls the airwaves making sure that what is aired is consumer friendly and has a positive impact on the loyal viewers. The FCC has laid down concrete rules against the use of profane language that might be seen to be a nuisance to the viewers. On what can be aired on television, the FCC has strong rules against pornography and sexual scenes and any other scenes with even brief traces of nudity suggesting that such thing can lead to viewer boycotts and other media controversies (Eisenach & Randolph 145). The need for a rating system is to work hand-in-hand with the parents and informing them what the movies are really about so that the parents can make informed decisions on whether to allow their children access to such movies or not. The MPAA has significantly failed in its role and has just made decisions, which have sometimes been seen as politically manipulated. The principal role of the MPA should be to simply uphold a genuine rating system. The MPA has always rated films according to the themes that they portray, violence, drug abuse and language have been some of the themes that the MPA has emphasized on but, one theme that has had the most attention is nudity with the MPA treating films with this theme more severely compared to other themes (History of Cinema 21). It is evident from the regulations of both the FCC and the MPA that nudity has been given no chance. Both organizations have a strong stand against it and they generally cannot stand nudity. This, however, is unfair, as we have witnessed a rather biased approach towards nudity as compared to other themes on television and in the motion pictures. Male nudity has

How does Generation Gap affect the society in the United States Term Paper

How does Generation Gap affect the society in the United States - Term Paper Example Isolation of the younger generation from societal activities is a major impact of the generational gap in the U.S. the current century has changed the ideologies of the young and the youth unlike in the previous centuries. Technology advancements, research, and personal autonomy differentiate the ideals and methods of the young from the old (Gardner et al, 2008). The adult take upon this disparity to self-impose habits and practices to the young. Due to the gap created, the young feel compelled to rebel against the old that do not understand. This consequentially has led to isolation and other psychological disorders that leave the young prone to societal ills such as crimes, suicide and engagement in drugs. The existence of a generational gap in the American society has led to the over-reliance of the old in important institutional positions in the societal set up. The older generation tends to be inclined to the ideologies of the young, while the former think they are always right in any capacity thinking. Political positions, important religious and educational positions are allocated to older people. Incidences of allocating the young with such positions to sharp their experience in societal responsibility are shunned away with the notion that they cannot get things done accordingly. In the event of providing the young with opportunities, the older generation individuals marginalize. The youth in the American society had been set back from the older generation from their fear of disappointment. Until recently, the youth are now compelled by the current contemporary times to come out of the older generations’ ‘shadows’ (Connerney, 2009). The young people are curre ntly inventing influential positions in the society, thereby creating positions for the older generation to. An example is Mark Zuckerberg, the C.E.O of

Recation paper 8 9 and 16 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Recation paper 8 9 and 16 - Essay Example However, in the social sphere (i.e., in civil society), women are accorded an important status which is not ordinarily contemplated for them in the political sphere. The piece insightfully notes that there is a dualistic nature to women’s citizenship, that aside from women’s inclusion in the application of general legal precepts, there are likewise special statutes which pertain in particular to women, alluding to a specific ideological gender construct, whether favourable or discriminatory to women. While this differentiates women’s legal rights, provisions for benefits such as maternity leaves and similar privileges in labour legislation are not so much the state’s imposition on women, as the result of women’s initiative to fight for considerations that would enable them to exercise the same rights as men (e.g. the opportunity to have a career) as well as continue to perform their biological and social functions (such as bearing and raising childr en). Radhakrishnan (1992) has a slightly different concept of the interface between nationalism and sexuality. The author regards separately the politics of nationalism and the politics of women, and that an emphasis on one will normally overwhelm the impact of the other. A duality similar to that of Yuval-Davis is conceived by Radhakrishnan; the duality this time is not in regard to women in the legal system, but rather the polarities existing in state politics. These insights were drawn in the context of the Indian state which itself is caught in the duality of East and West, modern and traditional, the mystical and the progressive. While the author discusses this duality in relation to India specifically, it is undeniable that the constructs created may easily apply to nearly any developing country with a colonial past and on the threshold of accelerated growth. The discussion by Radhakrishnan began strongly with the premise of gender relations in the state; however, somewhere in the course of the discussion the topic veered exclusively into the realm of Indian politics and relegated the issue of sexuality and gender relations to the background. What one may deduce from this is that gender is but one of the details subsumed into the greater issue of nationality and statehood. Towards the end, the author concentrated on insights by Nehru and Gandhi, which, while valuable to the discussion on India, does not quite square with the discussion of nationalism and gender. It seems as if the treatment of gender is but incidental to the broader issue of the duality of a post-colonial state. Exploring the topic of duality and taking it further, the article by Kandiyoti (1991) comments on the outright contradictions that exist in former colonial societies. In this case, society’s control over women becomes the manifestation of a nation’s identity and cultural distinctiveness. In the emergent nation, as the people gain their status as individual citizens endowed with rights, their traditional regard for women will have to evolve in order to accommodate the extension of the benefits of citizenship to women. Women’s emergence as citizens is â€Å"predicated upon the transformation of institutions and customs† (Kandiyoti, 1991, 429) that had formerly bound the social

Bahrains Uprising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bahrains Uprising - Essay Example Several years have seen discontent on the rise among the people as well as growing demands for freedom of speech, independence of the judicial system, the release of political prisoners, and a new constitution. The source of discontent is clear at the beginning of the Bahraini uprising at the period of Arab spring, but the mode of propagation of the discontent could be debated from different viewpoints with major contention focusing on whether social media had a significant impact in the Bahraini uprising (Wehrey, 2013). Howard and Hussain (2011) addressed the issue of social media in the uprising giving a number of opinions while Wehrey (2013) gives his views on the Pearl Roundabout uprising in his 2013 article titled ‘Bahrain’s Decade of Discontent’. Howard and Hassan (2011) are of the opinion that digital media is what helped in turning community-specific, localized and individualized dissent from its original setting into movements that were designed for share d grievances and which provided an opportunity for action. Wehrey (2013), on the other hand, purports that while digital activists in the Middle East are to be credited with some accomplishments like documenting police brutality, the underlying social, religious, political, and historical aspects engrained in the uprising far outweigh the impact of social media in sparking the protests. The viewpoints regarding the impact of social media in the Bahraini Uprising may differ, but certainly, common ground exists based on the shared passion for overall change in the regime from the current oppressive one to a more democratic one. The shared concern expressed in both articles is the necessity for reforms in the political system of Bahrain. The social upheavals in Bahrain are a result of a series of collective issues that have led the people to seek change in power dynamics.  

Diary on Elizabethan Times Essay Example for Free

Diary on Elizabethan Times Essay Today I was filled to the top with euphoria because mother promised me she would take m to London for my birthday. I woke up abnormally early and washed my face with cold water and put on my favourite polka-dotted dress. I fixed my bed sheets and sprayed a small amount of perfume onto my clothes. I glanced at my pocket watch and found that it was already five o’clock; it would take two hours to get there. I raced down the stairs and shoved a few spoons of rice into my mouth and sprinted back upstairs to awake my sleeping mother. My mother took an everlasting period of time to get ready and when she did she started putting make up on. Whilst I was waiting I was reading a book about the history of London and how Henry the Eighth’s palace was there. When my mother had finally got ready, we clambered into the awaiting carriage; it was pulled by a beautiful, black mare, who, before I climbed into the carriage, stroked. When we arrived at London I was greeted to the smell of fresh baked bread, but I also heard screaming and shouting. As we drove past I felt sick and turned green, it was law day and someone was being executed. Their intestines had just been ripped out and the man’s face had a look of pure terror. His intestines were probably the last thing he saw. I turned away. These people were barbaric. As we passed my mother ordered the driver to stop and I opened the door and found myself looking at St. Marys of Bethlehem, I had always wanted to come here. As I entered I could hear laughter, I turned round the corner and found myself staring at dancing peasant. At first I was extremely confused, and then I saw the people poking them. Anger boiled in my stomach, people were provoking the poor people by hitting them with sharp sticks forcing them to dance. I had had enough. I stormed back to the carriage fuming and my mother gave me a strange look. She told the driver to go somewhere, I couldn’t hear her because she was whispering, and the man grinned. The man was driving, I didn’t know where to, I was lost in my thoughts of anger. But when the man did stop I was shocked to find myself in front of The Globe, the most famous theatre in the world. I raced over and hugged my mother as hard as I could; she laughed and kissed me on the head. We held hands and sauntered into the theatre. My mother paid two one penny pieces and we walked into the theatre. We then watched Romeo and Juliet.

Case study of cyanotic congenital heart disease

Case study of cyanotic congenital heart disease Baby J, a 3-week-old infant, was admitted to Ward 5A since birth due to severe central cyanosis caused by several congenital heart problems. Soon after birth, he suffered from respiratory distress, where his initial SaO2 was only about 70%. He was resuscitated and given 5 nanograms/kg/min of Prostin (Prostaglandin E2). On appearance, he was dusky-looking and his peripheries were cold and cyanosed. He was started on biphasic continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) via an apnoea mask and also given positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) as an adjunct. His CPAP was delivered using nasal cannula the following day after his SaO2 increased to 80% and he remained on CPAP for the first 5 days after birth, which subsequently was weaned off. Antenatal scans found pulmonary atresia, overriding aorta and ventricular septal defect (VSD). Postnatally, cardiac catheterisation confirmed the antenatal findings with extra major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCAs). He tolerated feeding via TPN and was given 6ml of EBM (expressed breast milk) at intervals of 2 hourly. Bottle feeding was attempted on 28/09/09 and he tolerated the feedings well. Recently, the feedings increased to 44ml 2 hourly. Baby J passed urine normally and his stools were of normal consistency. Past Medical and Surgical History Baby J underwent a cardiac surgery on 1/10/09 through a median sternotomy and a Melbourne shunt was inserted to create an aortopulmonary connection. He was also diagnosed with Alagilles syndrome (an autosomal dominant inherited disorder affecting the heart, liver, spine, kidney and central nervous system). Family History Baby Js father was diagnosed with Alagilles syndrome as a child. He has congenital spinal abnormalities, cardiac defects (atrial septal defect, ASD, pulmonary stenosis and right ventricular dysfunction). Baby Js mother suffered from depression for about 3 years now. She also has asthma and a high BMI of 40. During pregnancy, Baby Js mother was on anti-depressant (Fluoxetine 20 mg OD) and inhalers (Becctide and Ventolin). Drug History NKDA Medication Dosage Frequency Aspirin 15mg OD Frusemide 3mg BD Spironolactone 3mg BD Social History Baby J is the 3rd child in the family. He has one brother and 2 sisters. His brother was also diagnosed with Alagilles and suffers from cardiac anomaly. Baby Js mother is a non-smoker and she did not drink alcohol while conceiving him. Systemic Enquiry Neurological None to note. Cardiovascular See above. Respiratory Cyanotic. Gastrointestinal None to note. Opened bowel normally with normal stools. Genitourinary None to note. Passed urine normally. Haematological None to note. No fevers or rigors Musculoskeletal None to note. Endocrine None to note PHYSICAL EXAMINATION General Inspection Not distressed or in pain. Alert and non-lethargic. Apyrexial (Temperature 37.1 0C) Mild bluish discolouration of lips and tongue. SaO2 83% on room air. Heart rate: 156 bpm RR: 48/min Anterior fontanelle normal. Cardiovascular Examination Examination Findings BP Pulse rate 78/ 45 mmHg 156 bpm (regular, normal volume, character) No radial-radial delay or radio-femoral delay. Normal radial/ brachial/ femoral pulses. Normal carotid pulses. Inspection Hands and nails Face and tongue Precordium Ankle Non-cyanotic fingers. CRT No finger clubbing/ splinter haemorrhages. Non-pallor palmar creases. Deep-set eyes, prominent forehead (features of Alagilles syndrome) Non-pallor conjunctiva Mild central cyanosis (bluish tinge to tongue) Median stenotomy scar. No peripheral oedema (rarely seen in children) Palpation Central trachea. No thrills or left parasternal heave. Auscultation HS=I+Single II (muscular pulmonary atresia) + Ejection click (due to high flow across aortic valve) and continuous murmur. Respiratory Examination Examination Findings Inspection Hands Mouth Eyes Chest wall Not breathless or in distress. Breathing at ease. No peripheral cyanosis. No finger clubbing. Mild bluish tinge to tongue. No jaundice and non-pallor conjunctiva. Normal AP diameter. Symmetrical movement of chest wall with respiration No accessory muscles used in respiration. Trachea Central, no tracheal tug Percussion Generally, resonant to percussion. Auscultation Vesicular breath sounds. Normal air entry. No wheeze or added sounds. Summary of Problems Baby J suffered from severe cyanosis immediately post-delivery due to closure of ductus arteriosus. To maintain the patency of the duct, he was given prostaglandin E2. However, this was just a temporary measure to maintain a duct-dependent pulmonary circulation. A more definitive treatment for Baby J was to establish a direct connection between the aorta and the pulmonary artery by a shunt in order to promote growth of central pulmonary artery. Differential Diagnosis *Most likely differential for Baby J bolded. Differentials of cyanosis:- Primary pulmonary disease Cyanotic congenital heart disease Reduced or duct-dependent pulmonary circulation Tetralogy of Fallot Pulmonary atresia Tricuspid atresia Abnormal mixing Transposition of great arteries Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (all draining into right atrium) Single truncus arteriosus Persistent pulmonary hypertension due to persistent fetal circulation Anaemia Asphyxia Sepsis Metabolic disorder Methaemoglobinaemia due to haemolytic anaemia Management Plan Initial management:- Respiratory distress at birth Resuscitation, give CPAP and PEEP to maintain oxygenation to lungs, immediate Prostin (5ng/kg/min) Check breathing Maintain circulation IV fluids Routine bloods and ABG Continuous monitoring oxygen saturation and vitals Cardiology review- echo and CXR Echo findings consistent with Fallot tetralogy with MAPCAs CXR found cardiomegaly Feeding via TPN (6ml/kg/2 hourly) Further management:- Cardiac catherisation to assess for cardiac anomaly Cardiology experts advised surgery to establish connection between aorta and pulmonary artery to increase pulmonary blood flow. Melbourne shunt was inserted via median sternotomy on 1/10/09. Echo post-op showed good flow in small pulmonary arteries and patent central shunt. Continue monitoring oxygen saturation aim to keep above 75% Perform ECG Monitor temperature post-op If pyrexial, culture blood and give vancomycin and gentamicin. Start on aspirin, frusemide, spironolactone and paracetamol PRN. Increase feed to 150ml/kg/day via bottle Relevant Investigations and Results: Bloods results (2/10/09) after cardiac surgery FBC Hb Platelets WBC 15.2 230 10.5 UE Na+ K+ Cl Urea Creatinine 142 4.7 100 3.9 77 LFTs Alk P AST ALT Pro Alb 274 29 31 55 27 CRP 100 Echo Results on 18/09/09 Pulmonary atresia, MAPCAs, VSD, overriding aorta. Results on 2/10/09 Patent central shunt with good flow to small pulmonary arteries. MAPCAs flow demonstrated from joined aortopulmary branches. X-ray of whole spine Single AP view of thoracolumbar spine no abnormality found. Reflective Commentary: Tetralogy of Fallot Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is the commonest cause of cyanotic congenital heart disease. It has 4 cardinal anatomical anomalies:- [1] Large outlet VSD Overriding aorta with respect to ventricular septum Right ventricular outflow obstruction (infundibular and valvular pulmonary stenosis) Right ventricular hypertrophy Epidemiology TOF affects 3-6 infants in every 10, 000 births. [1] Aetiology [4] The aetiology is unknown, but evidence suggests a multifactorial cause. Antenatal risk factors are:- Maternal rubella (or other viral infections during pregnancy) Poor antenatal nutrition Maternal alcohol use Maternal age > 40 years Diabetes Children with Down syndrome have a higher risk of TOF. Presentation [4] Symptoms Very few infants present with severe cyanosis in the first few days of life with duct-dependent pulmonary circulation. Most infants are diagnosed by murmur at the age of 1-2 months. Feeding difficulty and failure to thrive. Tet spells episodes of bluish pale skin during crying or feeding. Squatting is classical of infants with TOF. Exertional dyspnoea usually worsens with age. Physical examination Smaller than expected for age. Peripheral cyanosis is normally found at birth, and after 3-6 months, finger clubbing may develop. Cardiac examination:- A thrill at left sternal border. Ejection systolic murmur heard over the pulmonic area and the left sternal border. In babies with aortopulmonary collaterals, continuous murmurs may be detected The S2  is usually single. Diagnosis Diagnosis is through history and clinical examination, supported by chest x-ray and ECG, and confirmed by echocardiography. Bloods Haemoglobin and haematocrit are usually increased in relation to the degree of cyanosis. The arterial oxygen saturation varies from 65-70%. ECG ECG shows right ventricular hypertrophy (+ right axis deviation) and may also show right atrial hypertrophy. Imaging Radiography Classical boot-shaped heart. Echocardiography Used to diagnose ductus arteriosus, VSD, or ASD with Doppler echocardiography. *Comparison of Baby Js presentation to the classical presentation Baby J had severe pulmonary atresia (muscular in origin) due to a severely malrotated infundibular septum. He suffered from life-threatening cyanosis at birth which had to be attended to promptly by maintaining the patency of ductus arteriosis using prostaglandin E2. As he was highly symptomatic, a palliative surgery to increase pulmonary blood flow had to be done where he underwent placement of Melbourne shunt connecting his aorta to MAPCA. This was done hoping to promote the development of main pulmonary artery. Baby J also had another problem which was the 50% possible chance of inheriting Alagilles syndrome (autosomal dominant) from his father. His LFTs were checked for any liver abnormality which is commonly implicated in this syndrome. He also had spine X-ray to exclude spinal deformities. He will be having ophthalmology review soon as well. GMC theme 2: Treatment Acute treatment [4] Neonates with severe cyanosis due to ductal constriction are given an infusion of prostaglandin E2(0.05 to 0.1  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼g/kg/min IV) to reopen the ductus arteriosus. Tet spells are usually self-limiting and followed by a period of sleep. If prolonged (> 15 mins), treatment consists of:- [4] placing infants in a knee-chest position sedation and pain relief morphine  IM. IV fluids are used for volume expansion. Propanolol  IV acts as peripheral vasoconstrictor. Bicarbonate to correct acidosis. Muscle paralysis and artificial ventilator to reduce oxygen demand. Symptomatic or palliative treatment in first few months Palliative surgery can be performed in patients who are not suitable for complete repair or patients with tet spells. One of the commonly used procedures is the Blalock-Taussig shunt where the subclavian artery is connected to the ipsilateral pulmonary artery with a prosthetic graft. Baby J had a relatively new shunt placement (first developed in Melbourne) which connects the major aortopulmonary collateral artery (MAPCA) to aorta. This has been shown to promote the growth of central pulmonary artery. [2] Melbourne shunt: illustrates the completed shunt with the pulmonary artery anastomosed to the posterior and left lateral aspect of the ascending aorta close to the sinotubular junction. Adapted from Ref [2] Corrective Surgery Since TOF is a progressive disorder, Baby J will require a more definitive corrective surgery. Nowadays, surgery is commonly performed electively at around 6 months of age (or before 1 year). The timing of complete surgical repair on Baby J will depend on numerous factors like further symptoms, severity of lesions (multiple VSDs, pulmonary atresia),etc. Complete repair is achieved by patch closure of VSD and widening of right ventricular outflow tract. Perioperative mortality rate is   Primary repair is beneficial in terms of preventing long-term right ventricular outflow obstruction and the consequential development of right ventricular hypertrophy, prolonged cyanosis, and postnatal angiogenesis. [1] Summary Survival in children with simple forms of TOF is promising and quality of life is good. Studies showed that survivors are in NYHA 1 class with minimal reduction in exercise capacity. However, Baby J has a rather severe form of TOF and it is difficult to predict his prognosis as for now. This will depend on his progress after corrective surgery repair done. He will need life-long cardiac review and this can be quite stressful for the child and the family as well. Baby J is fortunate to have good supportive parents who are both rather anxious about the childs condition during the interview.

A Study On Disability Social Problem Social Policy Essay

A Study On Disability Social Problem Social Policy Essay Disability excites interest because disability is seen as a social problem i.e. it is seen either in terms of personal tragedy or of blame. Social problems generate public concern and private misery and call for collective action to remedy this (Worsley, 1972). Disability has been theorised in a number of different ways, most of which locate the problem in the individual rather than the broader social, political, and economic influences. This has implications for the location of the blame for social problems, such that they become depoliticised. The rise in the idea of the politics of minority groups is well documented and implies that in the case of people with disabilities who are unable to work the Government should provide a whole range of services. Because most Governments are unwilling to commit themselves this far, disability is again defined as a social problem, and often the burden of care lies with the family (Moore, 2002). This paper will give an account of definitions of disability and the ways in which they impact on disabled people. There will be an exploration of the concept and history of the family and its contemporary diverse forms, and an examination of the ways in which the ideology of the family has problematised the concept of care. The paper will then assess how the family has been implicated in both solving and defining the problem of disability and to what extent the social problem that is disability is a matter of private concern for families. Models of Disability The medical model of health is the most powerful in western society, doctors introduced a curative model of health that concentrated on the body where the hospital became the space for such models were put into practice (Walsh et al, 2000). This model situates ill health in the individual and ignores the social circumstances that may give rise to ill health, furthermore it has impacted on government healthcare policy throughout the twentieth century. The situation is exacerbated by the medicalisation of many conditions making them into a problem that can only be addressed by experts, as Brisenden(1986) comments: The problem is that medical people tend to see all difficulties solely from the perspective of proposed treatments for a patient, without recognising that the individual has to weigh up whether this treatment fits into the overall economy of their life. In the past especially, doctors have been too willing to suggest medical treatment and hospitalisation, even when this would not necessarily improve the quality of life for the person concerned. Indeed, questions about the quality of life have sometimes been portrayed as something of an intrusion upon the purely medical equation. (Brisenden, 1986:176). The medical model leads to the treatment of people with disabilities as passive objects of medical attention. This is oppressive of disabled people and spreads to other social relationships, it sees disability as pathological i.e. rooted in a persons biology, and thus unchanging. Contained within this model is the perception of people with disabilities as problematic. Disability has also been theorized as a personal tragedy, resulting in individuals with a disability being seen as victims. This results in policy making whereby people with disabilities need compensating for their disability. This model also affects social relationships. The view of disability as personal tragedy individualises disability so that it becomes depoliticised and the disabled person must make his or her adjustments to that disability as best they can (Dalley, 1990). In locating disability within the individual society denies any responsibility to cater for the diversity of their needs (Oliver, 1990). The third way in which disability has been theorized is in the social model of disability. This model is becoming increasingly dominant in research on disability. Vassey (1992) has described it thus: redefining disability in terms of a disabling environment, repositioning disabled people as citizens with rights, and reconfiguring the responsibilities for creating, sustaining and overcoming disablism (Vassey, 1992:44).. Here the person is disabled because of the refusal of society to provide for example suitable access for the wheelchair user. This model stresses that a disabling society leads to the exclusion of people with disabilities. Oliver (1996) contends that this notion has been politically empowering for disabled people, and has allowed a previously contested notion to develop an agenda that has influenced policy making. Some people see disability as entirely a result of social structures and processes while others feel that society compounds the difficulties that disabled people encounter. Disability is not a universal category, people have different types and degrees of impairment, some can function well with technical aids while still others are, to a greater or lesser degree, dependent on the care of other people (Dalley, 1988). The Concept and History of the Family Parsons (1955) argued that the family is the primary place of socialization and serves to introduce and instill the norms and values of society. Parsons model was what is commonly known as the nuclear family, i.e. parents and children living together to provide the mutual love and support that individuals need to be productive members of society (Giddens, 2001). Murdock (1949 cited in Giddens, 2001) maintains that traditional concepts of the family are a universal phenomenon. Others criticise the nuclear model for being too narrow and for neglecting the fact that not all family members experience life in the same way (Abbott and Wallace, 1997). Whether the nuclear family is regarded as universal depends largely on how the family is defined, certainly it is no longer the norm in contemporary society. Gittins (1993) maintains that there are a wide variety of domestic relationships. Thus relationships may be universal but the forms they take can be infinitely variable. There are many single parent families, whether through death, divorce or choice, there are also second marriages that often result in reconstituted families. The nuclear model relates specifically to nineteenth and early twentieth century ideological views of the family (Giddens, 2001). The Family and Ideology Until the late seventeenth century there was little or no distinction between the public and the private sphere, families generally worked the land and they did this together. The rise of industrialization and the growth of the towns brought massive changes to what had constituted family life up until that time. Feminists argue that for centuries women have been the subordinate sex in society and this subordination is largely a result of the fact that they have been born women rather than men. This subordination increased with industrialisation and the separation between public and private spheres (Oakley 1982). The coming of the factory meant that the family was replaced as the unit of production. The growing dependence of children, Oakley (1982) states, led to womens increased dependence on men and their restriction to the private sphere. Throughout the nineteenth century there was a growing idealisation of the feminine. Women were regarded as both physically and emotionally weaker than men and unfit for the same roles. Victorian ideology said that women were created to help men and should thus remain at home. This primarily affected the middle classes but as the century progressed the working class were also influenced by this ideology, locking women into the housewife role (Oakley, 1982). Murdock (1949 in Giddens, 2001) argued that gender roles are the natural result of the biological differences between men and women. Mens superior strength and womens childbearing capabilities make the sexual division of labour the most sensible way of organising society. Delphy (1977) maintains that this results in sexual inequality. Gender differences are not innate but socially constructed to serve the interests of the socially dominant group. Delphy contends that women are a separate class because the categories of man and woman are political and economic, rather than eternal biological categories. Within the family particularly, women form a class who are exploited by men, as Delphy states: While the wage-labourer sells his labour power, the marrie woman gives hers away; exclusivity and non-payment are intimately connected. To supply unpaid labour within the framework of a universal and personal relationship (marriage) constructs primarily a relationship of slavery (Delpy, 1977:15). This relationship has been exploited by successive Governments and is implicit in many social policy initiatives. The Family and the Welfare State The post-war welfare state which promised universal welfare provision, was set up on the assumption of full employment and the notion that men would go out to work while women stayed home (Abbott and Wallace, 1997).. Moore (2002) maintains that this is an ideological view of the family and how it might function. In the late 1970s the Tories actively discouraged alternatives to the traditional family e.g. cohabitation and gay partnerships (Abbott and Wallace, 1997). Since the Thatcher Government public and policy debates on family life, parenting and health have centered around the idea of responsibility (Such and Walker 2004) Moore (2002) maintains that in the thinking of the seventies and also in Labours Third Way, family members have a duty to help each other as it is not the job of the state to look after them. The state takes over when no-one else is around to share the burden. The fact that the State has had to intervene, it is argued, is one of the reasons why the traditional family is on the decline. In a good society members should help each other without regard to personal benefit. The State should be there to provide a safety net when there is no other help available. New Labour advocate a mixed economy of welfare where welfare is provided in part by the state and partly by private companies operating for profit. The shift from public to private has received much publicity and contributed to social problems and to social exclusion. Previously highly subsidized, or universal, services have either become part of the private sector, or have been subject to means testing, some welfare provision has been handed over to voluntary organizations. This has increased the likelihood that welfare and caring are now a private rather than a public responsibility (Giddens, 2001). This tends to stigmatise further those who are forced to rely on benefits, e.g. the disabled and their carers, usually women. The State and Womens Caring Role Marxist feminists e.g. Walby (1990) argue that the gender ideology that has filtered down to the working classes has affected their solidarity as a class and this makes them more easily controllable by the Capitalist system. While Marxism gives an explanation of exploitation by the capitalist system it does not explain the inequalities between women and men. Delphy (1977) maintains that gender and sexual inequality should be the fundamental categories of feminist analysis. Marxism alone does not explain for example why women are seen as responsible for household tasks. Capitalism could still profit if men stayed at home. The Community Care Act of 1990 has imposed further responsibilities on women in the role of informal carers. Dalley (1988) argues that much Governments policy making has been based on ideologies of caring with the assumptions behind the idea of community care being based on outmoded notions of the family. In practice this notion of caring disadvantages women carers and also many disabled or older dependent relatives. Within such an ideology, the caring that women do in the home is considered to be a natural part of womens role within the family. Thus, her caring role become invisible and shouldering the burden increases the likelihood that women will themselves be in need of care (Graham, 1993). This is borne out by the increasing number of women who suffer from disabilities and mental health problems. Womens caring role is further undermined by the idea that any health care that matters is given by professionals. When this is accompanied by Government discourses of self-help, self-reliance and the responsibility of the family this adds to the social stigma that disabled people face. It focuses on the disability, not the person themselves, inevitably this places an added strain on families. The prevalence of the medical model of health and the ways in which families are kept under-informed regarding the disability of a family member, particularly a child, affects family relationships. Gregory (1991) maintains that when a person is diagnosed as diabled this affects the ways in which society and the family respond to and deal with that person. Families themselves can tend to see the disabled family member as sick and different. Gregory (1991) found that having a disabled family member also affected the way in which mothers viewed themselves because ideological images of motherhood focus on having an able child. Thus a woman may feel that she is somehow not a mother because of the ways in which society defines motherhood. Press reports on disabled children and their families usually present them in terms of sacrifice and heroism (Gregory, 1991). This can affect family members response to the disabled person, their forced reliance on the medical model, and the view of disability as a tragedy becomes universalized. This misses the individuals personal needs and circumstances. It seems that increasingly the social problem of disability is becoming a matter of private concern for the family. The NHS appears to take this view. While doctors may diagnose a physical or learning disability families are often left to cope without ei ther sufficient information or professional help. In a number of cases families have reported that hospitals have refused to admit non-emergency cases unless a parent or carer remains on site to provide additional support (http://www.cafamily.org.uk/rda-uk.html). A shortage of nursing staff and the increasing tendency to perform surgery on a day care basis means that many families are left with extra caring responsibilities once they take the disabled child or adult home. (http://www.cafamily.org.uk/rda-uk.html). Conclusion Back to: Example Essays Ideologies of the family and the medical model of disability exacerbate the social problems of disability. Discourses of family responsibility place a much greater burden on many people, particularly women who bear the burden of responsibility of care. Such discourses tend to make women who find it difficult to cope feel that they are a failure. This in turn reflects back on the disabled person who may feel that they are a burden. Clearly current policies and debates over partnership between the Government and families and family responsibility is moving closer to the view that disability is no longer a public concern but a private family one. Dalley (1988) argue that some form of institutional care e.g. supported living should replace care in the family. While there are support structures in place for people with disabilities, the extent to which informal carers have access to such facilities is very limited (Baldwin and Twigg, 1990).. Perhaps supported living arrangements along wit h family involvement in personal care would, arguably, take some strain off of the family and give more independence to the person with disabilities thus making the social problem of disability a shared public and private concern rather than simply a concern for the family. Bibliography Abbott, P. and Wallace, C. 1997. An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives. London, Routledge. Baldwin, S and Twigg, J. 1991 Women and community care: Reflections on a debate in Maclean, M and Groves, D eds 1991 Womens Issues in Social Policy London, Routledge Crowe, G. and Hardey,M.1992. Diversity and ambiguity among lone-parent households in modern Britain. In Marsh, C. and Arber, S. (Eds.) 1992. Families and Households: Divisions and Change. London: Macmillan. Dalley, G. 1988 Ideologies of caring: Rethinking Community and Collectivism London, Macmillan Delphy, C 1977 The Main Enemy London, Womens Research and Resource Centre Giddens, A. 2001. (4th ed). Sociology. Cambridge, Polity Press. Gittens, D. 1993 The Family in Question: Changing households and familial ideologies London, Macmillan Graham, H. 1993 Hardship and Health in Womens Lives Hemel Hempstead, Harvester/Wheatsheaf Gregory, S. 1991 Challenging Motherhood: Mothers and their deaf children in Phoenix, A and Lloyd E, eds. 1991 Motherhood: Meaning Practices and Ideology London, Sage Moore, S. 2002 Social Welfare Alive 3rd ed. Cheltenham, Nelson Thornes Oakley, A 1982 Subject Woman London, Fontana Parsons, T. and Bales, R. 1955. Family, Socialisation, and Interaction Process. Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press Oliver, P. 1990 The Politics of Disablement Basingstoke, Macmillan Oliver, M 1996 Social Work with Disabled People Basingstoke Macmillan. Such, E. and Walker, R. 2004 Being responsible and responsible beings: childrens understanding of responsibility Children and Society 18 (3) Jun 2004, pp.231-242 Swain, J. Heyman, B and Gilmour, M 1998 Public Research, private concerns: Ethical issues in the use of open-ended interviews with people who have learning disabilities in Disability and Society 13 (1) pp. 21-36 Thomas, C. eds 2004 Disabling Barriers, Enabling Environments London, Sage Vasey, S. (1992) A response to Liz Crow, Coalition, September, 42-44 Walby, S. 1990 cited in Abbott, P. and Wallace, C. 1997. An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives. London, Routledge. Walsh, M. Stephens, P. and Moore, S. 2000 Social Policy and Welfare. Cheltenham Worsley, P and Chatterton, M 1972 Problems of Modern Society: A Sociological Perspective Harmondsworth, Penguin More Free Social Policy Essays

Education And The World Citizen :: essays research papers

Education seems to be becoming more and more of a controversial subject not only among government, but also with school boards, teachers, parents, and even the students. Some of this controversy is attributed to the normal routine things such as starting times, funding for clubs and sports, and more recently the rise of violence in the schools, as well as outcries from the church for the return of religion in the schools. However, people of today’s society are even more confused by the recent additions of new subjects not only the college curriculum but also in the curriculum of grade schoolers as well. These additions include the study of non-western cultures, the study of women and ethnic minorities in the U.S., and finally the study of human sexuality. In addition, people are wondering what exactly education has to do with being a â€Å"world citizen†? Is the life experience enough to become a â€Å"world citizen†? According to Nussbaum, a world citizen can be understood in two ways, the first being the strict of the two is â€Å"the ideal of citizen whose primary loyalty is to human beings the world over, and whose nationality†¦are considered distinctly secondary† (1). An example that one could use to paint a picture of this type of world citizen could be Ghandi or Mother Teresa who both put others, no matter their race or gender, above themselves. The second way is much more relaxed and states that â€Å"however we order our varied loyalties, we should still be sure that we recognize the worth of human life wherever it occurs and see ourselves as bound by common human abilities and problems to people who lie at a great distance from us† (2). An example that fits this description could be Princess Di or the Reverend Jesse Jackson. But, how exactly does one become this so-called world citizen? In The Old Education and the Think-Academy, Nussbaum gives us three of the numerous steps needed in order to become a â€Å"good citizen†. Nussbaum tells us that there are three essential ingredients for becoming a world citizen, the first being the critical examination of ones self, which is simply examining your life, where you have been and where you are going. The second of these is to see oneself as not just a citizen but as a group. Nussbaum is simply telling us that to often we get so wrapped up in our labels that we tend to forget that we are all human beings, and that we are all connected to one another. Education And The World Citizen :: essays research papers Education seems to be becoming more and more of a controversial subject not only among government, but also with school boards, teachers, parents, and even the students. Some of this controversy is attributed to the normal routine things such as starting times, funding for clubs and sports, and more recently the rise of violence in the schools, as well as outcries from the church for the return of religion in the schools. However, people of today’s society are even more confused by the recent additions of new subjects not only the college curriculum but also in the curriculum of grade schoolers as well. These additions include the study of non-western cultures, the study of women and ethnic minorities in the U.S., and finally the study of human sexuality. In addition, people are wondering what exactly education has to do with being a â€Å"world citizen†? Is the life experience enough to become a â€Å"world citizen†? According to Nussbaum, a world citizen can be understood in two ways, the first being the strict of the two is â€Å"the ideal of citizen whose primary loyalty is to human beings the world over, and whose nationality†¦are considered distinctly secondary† (1). An example that one could use to paint a picture of this type of world citizen could be Ghandi or Mother Teresa who both put others, no matter their race or gender, above themselves. The second way is much more relaxed and states that â€Å"however we order our varied loyalties, we should still be sure that we recognize the worth of human life wherever it occurs and see ourselves as bound by common human abilities and problems to people who lie at a great distance from us† (2). An example that fits this description could be Princess Di or the Reverend Jesse Jackson. But, how exactly does one become this so-called world citizen? In The Old Education and the Think-Academy, Nussbaum gives us three of the numerous steps needed in order to become a â€Å"good citizen†. Nussbaum tells us that there are three essential ingredients for becoming a world citizen, the first being the critical examination of ones self, which is simply examining your life, where you have been and where you are going. The second of these is to see oneself as not just a citizen but as a group. Nussbaum is simply telling us that to often we get so wrapped up in our labels that we tend to forget that we are all human beings, and that we are all connected to one another.

Eva Peron Essay -- essays research papers

Maria Eva Duarte was born on May 7, 1919 in Los Toldos Argentina. She was the youngest illegitimate child of Juan Duarte and his mistress Juana Ibarguen. Eva had a difficult childhood, her father had his own wife and children, and he gave Juana’s Ibarguen children his last name and would visit them once in a while. When Eva was seven her father died living them in very poor conditions, all the family, her mother and the five children lived in a tiny one room and in order to pay the rent and have something to eat Eva’s mother her sisters and herself had to work as cook’s for a rich and powerful family in Los Toldos. It was then that Eva got her fist close look at the very wealthy families who controlled Argentina. Eva would recall her childhood in her book "La Razon de MI Vida": *"I remember I was very sad for many days when I discovered that in the world there were poor people and rich people and the strange thing was that the existence of the poor did not cause me as much pain as the knowledge that at the same time there mere people who were rich". This was maybe one of the first time’s that Eva felt the injustice of the world, that she felt that there had something to be done for those who did not have enough to eat. In 1930 Juana Ibarguen decide to leave Los Toldos and left to Junin with all her family seeking for a better fortune. Evita had this dream of someday becoming an actress and she believed in herself saying that she indeed has vocation. She participated in some recitals and plays from school. By 1935 Eva had made up her mind of becoming a great actress. Just after her fifteen birthday Eva met a tango singer: Agustin Magaldi, who had come to Junin to give some presentations. Eva seeking her dream left with him to Buenos Aires. When she left to Buenos Aires, these were times of misery, unemployment and hunger in the country of Argentina. It was hard for her at the beginning; Evita would struggle for ten years leaving on a very low income. She would get some small parts on radio she was working in Belgrano Radio, and also some insignificant parts in theater. After ten years her luck started to change, she would climb her way up getting roles that made people start to recognize her as an a ctress; she also had some roles in a few movies. On January 15, 1944 an earthquake almost destroyed the city of San Juan, thous... ...nd her children as she called them, she would love this children a s her very own maybe because of the fact that she had not been able to have any. It was very impressive the way the people reacted, Argentina wept for days the great loss, thousands of people would stay in lines just to get a glance at her, and they would morn for her. Even Juan Peron was impressed and he would recall, I did not know they loved her this much! The people would ask the pope to convert Evita into a saint, this never happened, but to many tha was what she was a saint and that was what they called her; Santa Evita. Her body was embalssamed and was put on a display in December of 1974, in 1976 her body was returned to her family to be placed in a vault in Buenos Aires. BIOGRAPHY -‘EVA PERON" Nicholas Fraser. W.W. Norton & Co. N.Y. 1984 -"EVITA FIRST LADY" John Barnes. Grove Press, inc. N.Y. 1978 -"THE WOMAN WITH THE WHIP" Maria Flores. Doubleday and Co. N.Y 1952. -"EVA PERON, THE MYTHS OF A WOMAN" J.M. Taylor. The University of Chicago Press. 1979 -‘THE PERON ERA" Robert J. Alexander. Rusell & Rusell INC. 1965

History of Private Security

History of Private Security Cortez Jefferies Introduction to Security: Operations and Management Gayle Fisher-Stewart University Of Maryland University College 23 October 2011 Private security industry in the United States can be traced as far back as the mid nineteenth century, where they were primarily used to help fill the gaps created by public police forces in major cities that were just forming. Over the years the role of private security has changed, from its simplest form of protecting people, property, and information to a more complex form, of individuals and businesses that provide, for a fee, services to clientele to protect their persons, their private property, or their interests from various hazards. Early in its existence training for private security was non-existent or inadequate at best, over the years training has evolved and with that evolution came strict standards and guidelines. Unlike in Europe, where public law enforcement emerged out of private security, in the United States private security emerged out of public law enforcement. Europeans brought many of the methods they used to protect people and property with them when they immigrated to the United States in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The positions of constable, watchman, and sheriff were borrowed from the English and were used to establish the first system of public law enforcement in the United States. As rapid growth occurred in the West throughout the early 1800s, it became clear that constables and watchmen weren't going to be able to provide the expansive services necessary to protect people and their property (Stone, 2002). It wasn't until the late 1700s that municipal police agencies were implemented in major American cities. Established in 1844, the New York City police department provided twenty- four-hour police protection to its citizens. Thirty years later, most large cities had a similar system of public law enforcement; yet this system was not enough to keep pace with the rapidly growing American society (Stone, 2002). One of the first private security agencies to come into existence was Pinkerton's North West Police Agency in 1855. The agency offered private watchmen services for rail yards and industrial complexes. In 1859, Perry Brink started Brink's Inc. as a freight and package delivery service. A few decades later, Brinks Inc. evolved into the country's first armored car and courier service. By the early 1900s, numerous former federal agents and detectives had opened up their own private security companies to include the first burglar alarm service (Maine, 2011). Between 1929 and 1939, private security employment declined as a result of the Great Depression but rebounded between 1940 and 1945, due to the need to protect the United States infrastructure and military and industrial facilities during World War II, the use of private security increased. After World War II, private security once again began to grow, due to many returning veterans, with military police experience selecting police work and private security as occupations (Ortmeier, 2009). In 1955, a group of security professionals formed the American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS). Today, ASIS International’s membership exceeds 37,000, making it the preeminent organization for security professionals (American Society for Industrial Security [ASIS], 2011). Private security is a fast-growing industry. The Department of Labor predicts a healthy double-digit growth rate through 2016. Statistics on the number of individuals involved in this market are difficult to ascertain because of an extremely high turnover rate and because the term â€Å"security worker† admits of different interpretations. However, there are some credible approximations (Maine, 2011). The U. S. Department of Labor estimated the number of private security workers in 2007 at slightly over one million-about twice the number of police officers in the United States. Private security agencies themselves are often quite large. The largest security firm operating in the United states is Securitas, whose employees number more than 125,000 worldwide and whose revenues exceeded $7 billion in 2002. Human-Rights First estimate that there are almost 180,000 security workers in Iraq alone (Maine, 2011). The median wage for security workers in the United states is $10. 85 per hour ($22,570 per year), this might account in part for the high turnover rate. Salary seems to be proportional to risk. Blackwater security employees are alleged to have earned close to $1000 per day to guard U. S ambassador to Iraq Paul Bremer (Maine, 2011). Although training for the private security sector has come a long way over the years. Many of the personnel working as private security agents and guards are inadequately screened, trained, and supervised to ensure effective police work. Due to these reasons, there has been a big push for improvements in the quality of private security training. Private security organizations are being encouraged to pursue accreditations for the company as well as its employees. Private security organizations are being required to carry general liability insurance or that security personnel be bonded following a minimum level of training and certification, with the amount of training and size of bonding dependent on the degree of risk associated with the nature of the job (Forst, 2002) . Virginia Security officers are required to be licensed by DCJS (Department of Criminal Justice Services). To be licensed as an unarmed security officer one must go through 18 hours of classroom training from a licensed instructor in order to obtain this card and it must be done by the end of their 90 days after hire with a Security company. Every two years the card must be renewed, by completing an in-service with a licensed instructor. To be licensed as an armed security officer one must complete an additional 16 hours of firearms training, 6 hours of training n conducting a lawful arrest, and qualification with the type and caliber of weapon they intend to carry. Firearms endorsements must be renewed annually by completing an in-service and passing a firearms qualification. Licensed armed security officers are authorized under state code to arrest for any offense committed in their presence while they are on duty at the location they are hired to protect. They may also be granted t he authority by the chief law enforcement officer in their jurisdiction to issue summons to appear in court for felonies and misdemeanors. As the security field diversified in the 1980s and became more responsive to the needs of business, a management model quickly began to dominate how security was perceived and what its functions would be. Security practitioners and innovative business managers began to view the functions of security as an essential component of business. As a result, security departments were incorporated into the organizational culture of many companies, and security managers were hired to oversee the security department and work collaboratively with other department managers. Security managers began to be perceived as professionals in their field, and this helped to enhance the image of security personnel, giving them greater credibility with their colleagues and the public (Stone, 2002). Given this long and varied history, it is not surprising that private security continues to undergo significant changes in its form and function. Still, agreement among academicians and practitioners about what its form and function should be remains elusive. References Stone, Mischelle Taylor. (2002). Private Security. Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment. Retrieved October 23, 2011, from http://sage-ereference. com. ezproxy. umuc. edu/view/crimepunishment/n327 Forst, Brian. (2002). Police Privatization. Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment. Retrieved October 23, 2011, from http://sage-ereference. com. ezproxy. umuc. edu/view/crimepunishment/n307 Ortmeier, P. J. (2011). Introduction to Security: Operations and Management (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Maine, E. W. (2011, March 6). Private Security Industry. American Business Organization. Retrieved from http://maerican-business. org/

Calorimetry Prelab

test 12 Calorimetry and come alive of Reactions ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ PERFORMANCE GOALS 1. To stop how to use of a calorimeter 2. To learn how to put in and manipulate entropy in the computing machine 3. To expect the calorimeter constant 4. To use Hess equity to find the rouse or governing body of magnesium oxide CHEMICAL OVERVIEW Enthalphy (? H) when chemical or physical swops occur at a constant pressure. Calorimeter is an instrument with insulating walls where the reaction happens. Eq. 1 q rxn = -qsurrounding incite of capacity of the calorimeter Cp must be directd at the beginning of all(prenominal) calorimeter experiment in Joules/ C stir up subject matter of the Calorimeter The calorimeter constant is easily be by adding a fixed meter of hot irrigate to a cognize heart and soul of inhuman peeing and the change in temporary for each recorded, cod to the constabular y of Energy Conservation the amount of hot up released by the hot water should be equal to the amount of affectionateness intent by the cold water Eq. 2 q released( Hot water supply) = -q sorb (Cold Water) If in that location is a discrepancy between these ii values use the following equalityEq. 3q= m x spht x ? T Where spht is the specific horniness of the substance in J/ gC ?T is the temperature change in C andm is the multitude in grams down of Cold Water51. 20 g Initial temperature of cold water20. 3 C slew of hot water49. 82 g Initial temp of hot water98. 2 C Final temp of the mixture58. 3 C Eq. 4qHot = mHot x sphtWater x ? THot qHot = (4. 184 J/ C-g)(49. 82g)(58. 3 C-98. 2 C) = -8317 J Eq. 5qCold = mCold x sphtWater x ? TCold qCold = (4. 184 J/ C-g)(51. 20g)(58. 3 C-20. 3 C) = 8142 J 8317-8142 = clxxv joules Cp = ( 175 J ) / (58. C 20. 3 C) Cp = 4. 6 J/ C estrus OF REACTIONS q released = -q absent Eq. 6 q released = (q stem + q calorimeter ) Eq. 7 q base = mSo lution x sphtWater x ? TSolution sphtsolution= 4. 184 J/ g C Eq. 8q calorimeter= Cp x ? T Eq. 9 q reaction = ? Hreaction Hesss Law Hesss Law states that the enthalpy of a reaction is indep completionent of the move that it takes to get from reactants to products because enthalpy of reaction is a state function. State Function- depends on sign and final state but non on the path taken ?temporary workererature ? quite a little ?Pressure ?Energy Mg (s) + 1/2 O2 (g) MgO ( s) PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT 1. Predict the product, fit the questions and write the net ionic equations for the reactions a. Mg (s) + HCI (aq) b. MgO (s) + HC (aq) 2. Write the reaction that represents the enthalpy of defining ( ? Hfor ) of water. 3. Use the table of the thermodynamic data in your text book to calculate the ? H for each of the three reactions concoct Eq. 10 ( ? H rxn = ? ( n? H for )prod ? ( n? H for )react 1) 2) 3) 4. Use Hesss Law combining the three molecular equations to calculate the ?Hrxn for the reaction of the formation of MgO. PROCEDURE A. normalization OF THERMISTOR 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. B. DETERMINATION OF THE HEAT readiness OF THE CALORIMETER 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. C. REACTION OF MgO AND HCI 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. D. REACTION OF Mg AND HCI 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. E. entropy AND CALCULATIONS A. Calorimeter Constant atomic reactor of Styrofoam transfuse with hat + gimmick around shut out (g) grass of cupful with lid + spin bar + 50mL of dwell temp. water (g) Initial Temp of get on Temp. Water ( C ) Initial Temp of Hot Water( C ) constitutional cud at the end (g) measured Heat released by Hot Water (J) (Eq. 4) cypher Heat absorbed by R. T Water (J) Eq. 5) Calculated Heat absorbed by Calorimeter (J) Calculated Heat Capacity of the Calorimeter, Cp (J/C) (Eq. 8) B. Heat of Reaction of MgO Mass of weigh ride (g) Mass of measure boat + magnesium oxide (g) Mass of Magnesium oxide (g) Mass of Styrofoam cup with lid + spin bar (g) Mass or Styrofoam cup with lid, spin bar (g) + HCI Calculated Mass of HCI (g) Total Mass of solution at the end Calculated Mass of MgO (g) (using total majority of solution)Initial Temperature of Solution (C) (before MgO was added) Final. Temp of solution (C) (after MgO was added) Calculated Heat absorbed by solution (J) (Eq. 7) Calculated Heat absorbed by calorimeter (J) (Eq. 8) Calculated Total enkindle absorbed Calculated Total heat released by the solution (Eq. 6) Calculated Moles of MgO Calculated Moles of HCI Heat released per Mole of MgO Molar Heat Reaction (kJ/mol) C. Reaction of Mg with HCI Mass of weighing boat (g) Mass of weighing boat + Magnesium (g) Mass of Magnesium (g) Mass of Styrofoam cup with lid + spin bar (g)Mass or Styrofoam cup with lid, spin bar (g) + HCI Calculated Mass of HCI (g) Total Mass of solution at the end Calculated Mass of Mg (g) (using the final mass of solution) Initial Temperature of Solution (C) (before Mg was added) Final. Temp of solution (C) (after Mg was a dded) Calculated Heat absorbed by solution (J) (Eq. 7) Calculated Heat absorbed by calorimeter (J) (Eq. 8) Calculated Total heat absorbed Calculated Total heat released by the solution (Eq. 6) Calculated Moles of Mg Calculated Moles of HCI Heat released per Mole of Mg