Staff Development Presentation On Cerebral Palsy - 1534 Words

Staff Development Presentation On Cerebral Palsy We all know that every child is unique in one or another way. He or she may be different from the developmental level, or might be suffering from some types of disabilities. But as a teacher we must understand the needs and requirements of every child and consider the equity in the classroom. There are different types of disabilities that the children are suffering from, but today we will discuss one of the physical disabilities in children, and that is Cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsy is a neurological disorder caused by a brain damage. The damage of the brain might be before the birth, during the birth process, or after the birth due to an injury or accident. The effects of this damage†¦show more content†¦Some other types of disabilities that also can be associated with cerebral palsy are learning disabilities, intellectual and developmental disabilities, speech impairments, eating problems, and some sensory impairment. What Causes Cerebral Palsy? It is due to a brain damag e caused during the birth time, or after the birth, but usually it occurs during fetal development. The major causes of cerebral palsy in the infants are breech births, respiratory problems in the infants, physical birth defects as faulty spinal bone formation, Low Apgar score, low birth weight or premature birth of the infant, being a twin or part of a multiple births, and sometimes having seizures shortly after the birth. Other children might have Cerebral palsy because of injury in their brains caused by an accident. These types of damage in the brain disrupt the brain s ability to adequately control movement and posture. No doubt most of the causes are unknown, but certain infections during the pregnancy, premature birth, and risky delivery can be the main causes for cerebral palsy. The specialists say that no more than 2% of the cases might be caused by genetic disposition. No doubt the cerebral palsy affects muscle movement, but it isn’t caused by problems in the muscl es or nerves. It is caused by damage in parts of the brain that control muscle movements. Cerebral palsy may not be detected until months or years later though the majority of children with cerebral

Summary of leaders and followers Free Essays

Summary of â€Å"how to cultivate effective follower† April Wang English Composition I Professor Hampton October 25th, 2012 cultivate effective followers† 2 Summary of â€Å"How to In the article â€Å"How to cultivate effective followers†, the writer Christopher Lorenz identifies that followers who could not follow a parade in the past is playing a remarkable role during recent years, that is to say, since the followers are taken into fully account nowadays, they are becoming more efficient and play a key role in the many. However, the author also stressed that he was not going to have a debate with anyone who had great passion for leadership. According to the author, followers are divided into five types in this article: sheep, yes people, alienated followers, survivors, effective followers. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of leaders and followers or any similar topic only for you Order Now In that case, some recommendations are also given to help foster efficient followers. Truly, most of the time, we do not act as a leader but a follower. Viewing that issue, Kelly, who is an industrial administration in Pittsburgh at Carnegie-Mellon University, did a research about it. Basically, it is separated in to five different sorts according to followers’ various qualities in Kelly’s study. First, sheep only do, if any, what the leaders let them do. They do not have their own opinions and depend on their leaders all the time. Yes people, obviously, are also a group of people who concern nothing but the tasks are given. Only when the leader is â€Å"blind†, this type of followers may be popular. Alienated followers are cynics–they hold their own ideas which are always the opposite of their leaders and never drop them. Survivors depend on their traders’ tempers. Their motto is â€Å"does anything that can please leaders†. Effective followers, who are probably only imaginations, are the most ideal ones. They 3 are not afraid of taking risks, for they claim that they have equal duties for their organizations. Hence, Kelly provided some strategies to us to develop more effective followers. First, the most important thing is to create a common value which can help them work toward a same goal. For example, give customers best services and make them feel at home. Second, aim for making independent and decisive followers. For instance, leaders can allow followers to speak out, which mean they can discuss strategy plans together. Third, leaders should be willing to share powers to others. At the same time, followers will have much more opportunities to make decisions. This is a beneficial way to get everyone involved. Generally speaking, followers should be paid more attention not only by leaders but also by our whole community. When talking about this, I strongly agree with him. Here are my reasons. First, evidently, in a company, only leaders can achieve nothing. Leaders and lowers hold each other tightly toward a common destination is a best way. Thus, the author evidences us some ways, which are studied by Robert E. Kelly, to make efficient followers. I also learnt it in my leadership class. An efficacious company needs appropriate followers to work with leaders actively to overcome obstacles. If the company is a manufacturer, it needs people to do a single thing day and night. Then, sheep followers are popular. Second, as we can see, in this article, Kelly (1989, Para 3) said, â€Å"What distinguishes effective followers from leaders is not intelligent, ability or any other qualities, but the role they play’. Definitely, everyone should 4 have the opportunity to take control, make decisions and give advice. They can choose someone who has a specialization on the task to help achieve the goal effectively, someone need not to be a leader, someone who are brave and responsible enough to take actions and changes. Last but not least, the time of being identified as a follower is much longer than being a leader; hence, everyone has the necessary to learn how to be both popular leaders and efficient followers. When I was a freshman, I Join the student association as a leader in one of the student groups. At the same time, I also had a leader in the whole association. I should learn how to be benign to my followers, how to get along well with my colleagues, and how to be credible to my leaders. To achieve the author’s goal, he does use some available writing styles, but not everything is so perfect. Logos is the most extraordinary style in this article. At first, he used two clear lists to introduce us the different kinds of followers and the ways to achieve effective followers. Second, his langue is terse and perspicuous. For example, â€Å"sheep are passive and uncritical, lacking in initiative and responsibility’. Only one sentence can tell the main characters of sheep. There are also some drawbacks. First and foremost, I think there should be some examples, when talking about different types of followers. It would more clearly. Moreover, from the whole essay, the author used too much Kelly’s words. It would be better to add more opinions about himself. To sum up, I forcefully believe that followers are also taking a big issue. For one thing, no matter how little the company we stayed is, followers should be regarded as 5 equal as leaders. For another, it is strongly suggested that more attention should be taken on followers, since we are more likely a follower rather than a leader in a company. In addition, here is a virtual advice. If a leader is not willing to share power with his followers, it is hard to build ideal followers-?effective followers. 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The Eclipse free essay sample

I’m pretty sure I was listening to Modest Mouse when it happened. I had brought my iPod to the rooftop with me because I thought I would be bored, watching an eclipse. A lunar one, even. In the dark. But while I was gawking up at the stars, the only music I needed was my own mind’s wonder; my thoughts electrified with clarity. I could see everything then, in that drawn breath of the universe that shook me, hard. I pulled off my headphones, and the silence was beyond imagination. It was then that I realized I could finally hear myself think. In that tiny instant, I understood so clearly how much greater life was than my tiny earthbound thoughts, my dusty mental string of to-do lists and vague intentions, the little dot that was my life spiraling up and being lost in the immensity and clarity of the universe. We will write a custom essay sample on The Eclipse or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The silence of that moment was louder than my music could ever be—it sung not to my ears but to my mind, my soul, my life. I believe in the instantaneous. I did before then and I do even more now. That night, I found the moment that I had stayed up all night for, and in some way, that I had stayed up all my life for. It is not the only moment that I have been swept away by, and I hope it will not be the last. Most of my life is variation on the routine that has grown so familiar to me over the years, and I accept that; I welcome it. But even as I go through the motions of living, making the pattern that my life will be, I will always be on the lookout, watching for another moment. It is my promise to myself that no matter how large or how crucial my life feels at that moment, I will always remember to stop and dismiss the necessary, the practical, the straightforward thoughts. I will pause once in a while, listening for that earsplitting silence. When I hear it, I will once more smile, and think troubling, useless, silly, clever, probing thoughts that echo back in my mind, and the growing pattern and mo del of my life will fade away in the light of another moment of pure thought and feeling, tied to nothing, meaning everything. I like everyday life; truly I do. I look forward to college and watching game shows and drinking iced tea and writing and making my bed and physics and handshakes and tea parties and just living. I enjoy the tangled frenzy of life, the idea of weeks and years compressing into a solid identity that I live by, but I will always hold my instants closest to my heart as I go through the years. I believe in moments, and I know that nothing is ever practical enough to stop me from sneaking out to watch the lights go out. Nothing can stop me from feeling and reveling in the very moment that change arrives. I love my life, but I live it for the moments.

Operation Theories

Question: Write a brief description of two or three relevant Operations theories (the theories should address the underlying processes on which quality depends- do not rely on general quality/business process theory. Answer: Operational excellence involves the improvements of the company through achieving the competitive advantage. The operational competency of an organization would give a result for value for the customers along with financial benefits. However, all industries experiences operation failure in their system. The problem can lead from the disruptions and error in materials, information and equipment. Operation of the organization deals with the transformation of the input into outputs so that the transformational process is managed and determines the efficiency and the profitability of the organization. Finance, marketing and human resource are the sectors which support the operation of the organizations (Schnsleben 2016). The global market is managing the operation with its factories, stores and the distribution sectors. Supply chain in operation management is the most important concern as it deals with the flow of the goods and the products through the channel of customers, organizations or the partners of the supply chain (Chase 2012). Coordination of the operation is possible through minimizing the cost and improving the quality. The company needs to manage the process and the human resource through a complete dynamic in the workplace. Organizations that have operation competencies can able to achieve a number of important contributors through performance and growth. Excellence in the field of operation can lead to involve a systematic and effective approach in the business operations. It enables the organization to initiate a productive and innovative workplace. Operational excellence can evolve in efficient systems which ensure employees, focus on fixing the problems. Employees need to understand the information and the authorization to solve the problems of the business in which they work. Nike is an American multinational company which focuses to produces and designs footwear, apparel and accessories. The company faces problems in operational management. The brief measures adopted to solve the problems of the organizations (Rushton et al. 2014). Problems relating with the organizations Nike is one of the largest manufacturers of the footwear and the apparel of America. The company is the worlds leading manufacturer and seller of the athletic apparels and sports equipment. The company however has some operational problems, which becomes a barrier in terms of expansion. The company has its stores all over the world. However, the supply chain network of Nike is extremely complex. Nike has wide range of stakeholders all over the world. The supply chain in the initial stage was developed through take it directly from the manufactures to the suppliers (Christopher 2016). However, in the 90s the company introduced Future program, which divided the operations of the organization into different geographical areas. It was initiated to improve its operation management. In the year of 2000 Nike launched some programs like Nike Supply Chain (NSC), with the goal to implement the ERP and CRM into the considerations. However, the project proved a disaster for Nike. The early 2000 Nike lowered its earnings blaming software for demand forecasting and supply chain management. The inventory lowered the sale of Nike in a considerable amount of $ 100 million. The inventory management problem is one of the significant problems that start to raise another problem of the companys ordering and scheduling system. It started causing problems for overstocking and created a huge impact in the inventory and logistic costs. The company was forced to organize the investor through initiating excess discount in the distribution channels (Krajewski et al. 2013). The case study described needs to devise a plan so that the problems could be addressed. The identification of the problem is necessary in challenging times. The primary issues outlined are the distribution of products along with development of the control process. The problems needs to address in more complete form, the main problems are inventory control and scheduling. Along with it the problem of demand forecasting has also initiates a problem in operations management of Nike. The considerations need to implement with its exploration of the strategic tools and the software which enable them to improve the operations management (Khanna 2015). showing the process map of Nike describes the supply chain of the company. The flow of the products incorporates the process shown below. The process found to incorporate the complexity of management. Nikes main operating problems occur as they try to outsource their factories. Nike has outsourced the manufacturing plants in China and Taiwan. The initiates of such are because of the cheap labor and have no barrier to outsource from the oversea areas. The last few years have suffered from the operation management because of the poor labor management in the factories (Brownet al. 2013).The operation management team failed in the process again because of its infectiveness in the supply chain procedure. The distribution of its products and services in other countries need to execute plans so that they could operate it throughout the world. The location of the new business is another problem which arises beside the two problems which rose previously. The company needs to operate its opera tion management through implementing theories in the process (Stadtler 2015). Application of theories The operations problem of Nike enables to introduce a formation of implementation of theories. Theories need to adopt so that they could improve the process. The measurements of the theories would further help to understand the situation where the company lacks. It will help them to work accordingly. The theories would help to formulate a number for available options that the company can use. The problems of the company identified can be solved with proper implementation of the above (Monczka et al. 2015). The major problem identified is on the inventory process of the organization. The analysis of the theory on Inventory Control will help them to understand the problem. Large companies that help them to optimize the production and minimize the cost use the inventory control theories. It helps to store thousands of units for products and services. The inventory theory enables to control promotion for the product where it is necessary and store it. It helps to reduce the cost for carry, which on the other hands includes in the interest of the credit needed to make the inventory. However, the part discussed so far includes the risky factors (David and David2016). The risk involves if the single part of the supply for example the interest on the credit for the inventory. The production cost and the shipping cost loss increase if it takes longer time to wait. It generally appears when one needs to wait for the ship orders especially in a busy season. The theory of inventory control helps t o optimize the labor cost through making the optimization of labor cost. One needs to forecast the demand according to the month, quarter and the year. However, if someone waits until they have the sales in order then it might causes to for a shift or overtime of the workers. On the other hand they need to pay the workers as they sit idle. Generally large organizations used to buy the inventories as the units are depleted. The manufacturer needs to adopt the new products as generated by the sales team of the warehouse. The systems measure the total amount that needs in considering the shipping of the item. The theory of inventory control revolves around creating the inventory control method considering the conditions of the marketplace. Access the capital and the production capabilities with it. The most important approach is the seasonal activity of the labor along with the customers and the fluctuations of the price (Pengand Lai 2012). Decision Theory enable to generalizes the approach in the decision making process. It ensures that the decision maker initiates the theory to analyze the complex situations with the alternatives and the consequences related in it. The decision theory is a normative theory, which solves the problems of the decisions where one can perform with contradiction without being irrational. The decision theory enables the organizations to focus on some subdivision into five steps (Becker et al. 2013). The first step is the identification of the problem. Secondly, they need to obtain the necessary information about it. Thirdly, the production of the solution for the circumstances needs to arise and it needs to amend. Fifth step is the selection of the strategy for the performance of the organization. The decision theory further concentrates to makes the decisions and chooses between options, which would help to provide the outcome for the organization. However, the process does not include prov iding a positive outcome. The outcome could be positive or negative (Berger2013).The theory however contains some serious risks. His common two criticisms are discussed against the usefulness of the theory. The first argument is on the interference problems, which arise outside the domain of the theory, it is important for the increase of the understanding of the process. The second criticism associates are about the questionable value. It arises because of the presence of the costs and the prior probabilities that is appropriate in the context for application, which is difficult (Rokach and Maimon 2014). Comparison of the theories with the process Nike has its main issue in terms of its inventory control. The theory approached contains the appropriate measures to overcome the problems of the inventory measure. The theories describe the optimization of the product through minimizes the cost. The processes of Nike involved dispatching the amount in discounts. However, the theory on inventory adopts in measure and manages their production and storage based on the cost-containment and completing the needs of the customers through service (Chernoff and Moses 2012). The case study further shows that the process involves by Nike are on storing the inventory in advance. While the theory implies that order, need to fulfill when it is necessary. Proper inventory control would lead to labor cost while the processes of Nike went wrong because of its adoption of policies to reduce its labor cost and outsourcing from foreign countries. The process of Nike needs is lacking the decision process. They need to adopt measures on the decision making process. The decision process enables in choosing from the alternatives. The situation describes to initiate possible alternatives. Nike lacks to adopt the policy from there (Slack 2015). The decision theory will enable for the pattern of demand to remain stable throughout the year. Again, the decision theory explains to get the highest expected monetary value. It includes the processes either with highest expected cost or with lowest expected cost (Cummings and Worley 2014). The adoption of the theories initiates not only the adoption but also the difference in the process comparing with Nike. However, the policies need to implement the strategies according to the theories. It would help them to achieve operational efficiency in terms of success. The two theories adopted so that it could solve the problems related with the process of the operations in the organizations (Haimes 2015). Changes would ensure improves the quality and customer requirements Nike needs to adopt an effective supply chain management, which would ensure for provide an accurate demand forecasting. The quality of the service of operations can be improved thorough its improvement in the demand forecasting. It is because of the fact that procurement, distribution, scheduling and the inventory are determined through the predictions of the demand. However, the forecast cannot become accurate so they need to adopt the essential tools and the techniques that the company can use to increase its proficiency (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). Nike needs to consider a variety of quantitative methods to utilizing its data. It in return would enable to make effectiveness in production that would meet the demand of the customers. The company needs to ensure the demand in right amounts according to the supply. It needs to achieve through the adoption of tools and techniques in forecasting of the demand. They need to use the process of linear regression to improve forecasting dema nd. Nike could able to relate with its time and the trend of liner line. The company can predict the future predictions from the slope. To improve the quality of the company needs to improve its quality through the adjustments in forecasting of the error and improve the accuracy. They need to implement the forecast error in using the techniques like mean absolute Deviation or MAD. It can ensure improves in its quality through the determination for the predictions either high or low (Christopher 2016). Nike needs to adopt inventory management systems in the organization. The organization further emphasis on the quality of the software ensures to improve the quality of the business. The company needs to improve its domain mainly on products in which they lack the important operational activities. However the inventory management includes improves for the quality of the product (Lillis 2014). The quality and customer retention should the first priority for the company needs to adopt ways to complete the process. They need to improve their inventory process. The process needs to develop not only through qualitative method but also through quantitative method. The company needs to adopt the policies according to it. The company needs to give its focus on improving its quality through adopting tools and techniques in terms of supply chain and inventory management (Hilland Hill2012). The improvement in the quality operations would prove benefit for the company. The operation management connects with the economic forces, regulatory concerns, consolidating industries and the workforce of the industry. Nike needs to update the customer database. They need to update it through phone, email and letter. The customer needs in reminding of the business and give them options to think about them. The company needs to gives focus on its quality through encouraging repeat business. Operation improvement is the fundamental requirement for the organization. The operational efficiency leads to growth and expansion of the business. The discussion further focuses on the supply chain and inventory management makes the operations in a better state. However there are other points which need to consider ensuring better quality and customer service by the company. The company needs to adopt improvement in asset optimization. They need to adopt measures for quality and safety improveme nt. Further the company needs to execute the project. They need to adopt reliability in their techniques. The organization further needs to adopt the process of value engineering (Lillis 2014). Recommendations The dynamic demand fluctuations in the inventory management establish the company, which has inventories to satisfy the demand through, minimizes the cost. It has many cost associated with maintaining the inventories. The first step is to ensure the correct measure of the demand forecast. Nike needs to utilize the ERP software and ensure coordination among supplies. The supply chain of Nike needs to be beneficial through the consideration of the Vendor Managed inventory or VMI and the process for Continuous Replacement Program. The combinations of the strategies would initiate a positive impact on the company and its suppliers. It would improve the overall supply chain starting from its upstream of the procurement of the raw materials (Subramanian and Ramanathan2012). The right product in the outlet would ensure excesses of supply chain management. The companies start to get benefited from the VMI/CRP. VMI and CRP make the supplier responsible for the inventory management and the replenishment of the product. The implementation of its ERP software and integrating it towards the suppliers for the sales data as well as the demand forecast. The manufacturer would ensure operations according the demand forecast the inventory requirements that that need to produce Nike places order (Khanna 2015). The supply chain encompasses the flow and transformation of the goods and the services of raw materials stages to the customer who is the end user. They are associated with the information low. The Nike supply chain being the manufactures source the raw materials for the production of the company. The fact the Nike outsource their manufacturing implies to control procurement and manufacturing process. Nike considers the acquisition to gain control in operations where the company suppliers control its operations. The implementation for the VMI/CRP would ensure the operations as it would provide operation of the company in upstream because of the manufacturer (Hill and Hill 2012). The processes of Process Map in the figure shows the points of consumption through its understanding in a simple way. The company here needs to purchase raw materials from various sources and then needs to ship plant. They need to assemble the product from there itself. The assemblage of the products would ship the products directly to its customers from the Online Store. The other distribution store mentioned is the retail stores, direct sales and the distributers (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). Conclusion The operational management of a company forms the basis of it. Recent years Nike already shows improvement in its supply chain management. The assessment based on the conditions of the company in past. The primary areas where improvements need to implements are the areas of demand forecast, inventory management and scheduling. The areas mentioned are interrelated as the demand forecast determines the inventory requirements. This will ensure the scheduling. The strategies that need to follow are the effective address of the successful implementation and the integration of its software. The company needs to adopt the theories through proper utilization of it. Analyze further points there is a huge difference between the theories and the process. Nike needs to adopt policies to solve the gap between it. Reference List: Becker, J., Kugeler, M. and Rosemann, M. eds., 2013.Process management: a guide for the design of business processes. Springer Science Business Media. Berger, J.O., 2013.Statistical decision theory and Bayesian analysis. Springer Science Business Media. Brown, S., Bessant, J.R. and Lamming, R., 2013.Strategic operations management. Routledge. Chase, J., 2012.Operations management. Tata McGraw-Hill. Chernoff, H. and Moses, L.E., 2012.Elementary decision theory. Courier Corporation. Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. David, F. and David, F.R., 2016. Strategic Management: A Competitive Advantage Approach, Concepts and Cases. Haimes, Y.Y., 2015.Risk modeling, assessment, and management. John Wiley Sons. Hill, A. and Hill, T., 2012.Operations management. Palgrave Macmillan. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. Khanna, R.B., 2015.Production and operations management. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Krajewski, L.J., Ritzman, L.P. and Malhotra, M.K., 2013.Operations management: processes and supply chains. New York: Pearson. Monczka, R.M., Handfield, R.B., Giunipero, L.C. and Patterson, J.L., 2015.Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Peng, D.X. and Lai, F., 2012. Using partial least squares in operations management research: A practical guideline and summary of past research.Journal of Operations Management,30(6), pp.467-480. Rokach, L. and Maimon, O., 2014.Data mining with decision trees: theory and applications. World scientific. Rushton, A., Croucher, P. and Baker, P., 2014.The handbook of logistics and distribution management: Understanding the supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Schnsleben, P., 2016.Integral logistics management: Operations and supply chain management within and across companies. CRC Press. Slack, N., 2015.Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Stadtler, H., 2015. Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Subramanian, N. and Ramanathan, R., 2012. A review of applications of Analytic Hierarchy Process in operations management.International Journal of Production Economics,138(2), pp.215-241. Lillis, B., 2014. Service Productivity in the Hotel Business. InDriving Service Productivity(pp. 167-189). Springer International Publishing.

Using An Essay Sample For The French O Level

Using An Essay Sample For The French O LevelStudents who take the exam for the French O level have a few things to look out for. Most notably, they are looking for a good essay sample to show them what it's like to write in French. But it can be very frustrating if they have not yet been exposed to good writing practices, and they cannot tell which essay they will receive.One of the best ways to get good practice is to attend a grammar meeting. There you will be able to speak with other students who have already passed the exam. They may be able to help you learn which essay to send to the examiner. This is one way to keep an eye on your progress.The curriculum for the French O level is very thorough. They will give you a large number of essay samples that you will need to study. Some of these are longer than others and some of these will have a very different style of writing than the others.You will need to review the entire text in order to know what is expected of you. This inclu des looking at all sentences, all paragraphs, and all sentences and paragraphs in between the ones that you have studied. All of these will be different from each other.The reason that the exam takes so long is that students do not want to be reviewing the same essay. Many students wait until they are ready to go home and review the entire essay before they even sit down to read it. This is bad because it will only make your review time shorter. The essay must be reread and each sentence must be read more carefully than the last.This is where a good essay sample will come in handy. Some of the sample essays have an English translation included. By having an English translation, students will have an easier time learning how to write in French because they can see how the sentence is written in English.The exam for the French O level is not as hard as many people think. Once students learn how to use the essay sample properly, they can learn how to write an essay in French quickly. I t should take less than an hour to complete and most students will pass.Many students will only find out that they will be assigned an essay during the exam for the French O level. Others will find out by the time they are getting ready to sit for the exam. The essay sample that you select should contain all of the material that you will be reviewing. This will help you get a good idea of how long it will take you to read the entire essay.

Public Controversy on Bio-ethics Essay Example

Public Controversy on Bio-ethics Paper Bioethics can be referred to as a field of study that is philosophical, and addresses the ethical arguments as a result of advances in biology and medicine. (Jonsen et al, 1998). The ethical questions that are addressed by the bio ethicists are used in relation among life sciences, biotechnology, medicine, politics, law, philosophy, and theology (James, 2001). The interdisciplinary field of bioethics was jump-started by the Nuremberg Code. This code was set up in order to set standards for judging physicians and scientists (McGee et al 2003). These physicians and scientists were the one who had worked in concentration camp conducting biomedical experiments on the prisoners. The basic ethical principles that should rule biomedical and behavioural research on human subjects have been suggested to be drafted down. Guide lines that will ensure human rights and respect are upheld should also be included. The rules and guidelines also assist in resolving the ethical problems that surround research conducted on the human subjects. Principles that need to be addressed by the guidelines are: Justice, Beneficence and Respect for autonomy for the person. Public health and health policy challenges and advancement in biotechnology has resulted to a fast-growing academic and professional area of inquiry in bioethics. Degree programs are currently being offered in various education institutions that do specialize in bioethics. The proper scope in bioethics is not certain. While some people feel that ethical evaluation of questions that revolve around biology and medicine should be narrowed down to the morality of medial treatments or technological advances, others feel different. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Controversy on Bio-ethics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Public Controversy on Bio-ethics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Public Controversy on Bio-ethics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The other groups are of the view that ethical evaluation should include morality of all actions that might help or harm organisms that can feel fear and pain. In addition, all such actions should be included in bioethics. This is because they may bear a relation to medicine and biology. The purpose of bio ethicists is to put to work the huge body of research and history of discussions about bioethics in a manner that is fair, honest and intelligent. Future social, ethical and economic implications. Bioethics as a field was as a result of public attention to ethical questions related to abuses of human subjects in biomedical experiments,www. eubios. info/betext. htm . Bioethics as a field of study is said to be an appropriate way of ensuring human rights and morals are incorporated into the medicine and biological experiments. In this research paper, the issue of Genetically Modified Foods (GMOs) will be discussed. The use of genetically modified organisms has raised public disagreement on whether the organisms should be produced for human consumption or not. The positive perspective of genetic organisms will first be discussed, and negative effects also. Both sides expose the controversy that surrounds this issue. Genetically Modified Food Organisms. (GMOs). Discussion There are various issues that comprise bioethical research analysis. Genetically modified organisms include one of the issues that have raised controversy in the biomedical field. The argument is between the advantages and negative effects of these foods. Part of the global community view GMOs as a benefit to human survival while others see the organisms as unhealthy and having adverse effects on people, animals and the environment in general. Genetically modified organisms (GMO) can be said to be organisms that’s through genetic engineering techniques, their genetic material or make-up is altered (Anderson K. 2005). The recombinant DNA technology is used in alteration of the genetic make-up. In this technology, the DNA molecules from the different sources are combined in vitro. This combination forms one molecule that is then used to create a new gene. The DNA is then followed by its transfer into an organism. The modified traits are then expressed in an organism. Examples of GMOs include transgenic plants and microbes for example e. g. bacteria (Cohen et al, 1973). Genetically modified organisms have increased production in the agriculture sector and reduced the costs that may be incurred during the production. This is because, there is reduced costs in chemical and mechanical needs during planting, maintenance and harvesting of the agricultural products, (Smith et al, 2000). The savings from costs that might have been incurred can be used to implement programs that can benefit the consumers. The government can therefore, spend less in the cost of production in agriculture if the foods were genetically engineered as compared to the organically produced foods. www. dartmouth. edu-biomed/resources. htmld/bioethics. shtml. Genetically modified organisms require minimal use of chemicals and labour to enhance maximum production. These organisms also result to the production of foods that are more nutritious. This means that the nutritional value of the natural foods can be increased by producing GMOs . A good example is ‘Golden Rice’ which contains beta-carotene, Vitamin A and Iron. The GMOs due to their increased nutritional value helps in preventing and treating nutritional related diseases, for example, anaemia, childhood blindness and Marasmus. Another advantage of genetically modified crops is that the foods have an enhanced taste and quality as compared to the natural crops. This is because the crops genes have been modified to improve its quality. Genes from two crops are combined to form a better quality crop. The characteristics that enhance resistance against diseases, adverse weather conditions, pests, and maximum yields in both crops result to an even better crop, www. sciencemag. org/feature/plus/sfg/education/index. dtl. The crops that have been genetically engineered have a reduced maturation time. Some crops have been known to take a very long time before they are ready to be harvested. Decreasing the maturation period increases the crop yield per given piece of land. The crops susceptibility to diseases and pests that occur as a result of long periods of crop in the field is reduced. This increases the rate of production of the crop over a given area of land. The high production is able to supply the world markets in order to satisfy the needs of the people. GMOs violate the ethics that require protection and conservation of both the plants and animal diversity. All organisms or species that exist in nature have their intrinsic values. This value allows plants or animals to exist without being interfered with. They all have a right to life and no one has the right to manipulate them. Gene engineering of these natural organisms denies them the right to exist in their original form. This results to gene loss or reduction of genetic diversity. The GMOs have an increased stress tolerance. Crop stress can be as a result of diseases, pests and unfavourable weather conditions. For example the crops are disease resistant. The crop field is protected from the diseases that are likely to attack it. Due to their disease resistant condition, the quality and nutritional value of the food crop is guaranteed. The hybrid species of crops that are produced as a result of genetic engineering offer a much higher quality crop. There is no reduction in production that may result due to the crop diseases, (Smith et al, 2003). In addition some food crops have been engineered to produce human vaccines against infections diseases. Many human diseases and infections are either incurable or curable. Some incurable human diseases can be prevented by consumption of genetically modified foods. The vaccines boost the human body immune system against the diseases. For example banana species produce a human vaccine against hepatitis. The crops are also resistant to pests that can damage crops to lower the production and its product quality. Some pests may also act as disease vectors of human or animal diseases. Some human diseases can be contagious and that can cause deaths of a large number of people. Foods containing medicinal components assist in providing better health to the people. The GMOs give a chance to the introduction of new products and growing techniques. The GMOs produce toxic substances to the humans. Natural foods contain toxic components that do not cause adverse health effects. Introduction of new genes in a pant trigger production of toxins at high levels and also interferes with a metabolic pathway. This causes a stressed plant to produce more toxins in response to this. For example potatoes bred for increased disease resistance have produced high levels of glycoalkaloids (GEO-PIE Website). These toxins may cause poisoning or diseases in the human body, (Murphy et al, 2004). In animals, the gene technology has led to the introduction of animal species that are resistant to diseases. For example, a cow has been introduced; that is resistant to the mad cow disease (James, 2001). This prevents outbreak of such infectious diseases, which may even be transmitted to the human beings. Animal productivity can be increased its resistant to harsh unfavourable conditions. The animal also acquires an efficient feeding method. Animal diagnostic methods are improved through gene engineering. This ensures diseases can be easily diagnosed and the required treatment administered on time. Genes from different species are mixed in order to form a GMO. This means that the genetic make up is interfered with. Genes that enhance the survival of threat organism may be interfered with. Disease-resistance and stress-tolerance in the organism may be reduced. This makes the organism’s vulnerability to diseases and stress to increase. An outbreak of disease may completely wipe out an entire population due to reduced resistance. Genes tampering may also decrease the survival rate in a species due to its reduced ability to adapt to adverse weather and environmental changes. Other changes may include; behavioural change and low reproductive rate (low survival rate of the offspring). GMOs cause stress to the animals and plants. This is due to the increased human disturbance to the organism. The organism is exposed to so many changes at the same time genetic changes, behavioural changes The environment in which a person lives is very important and needs to be protected from pollution or exposure to overexploitation. Bio-herbicides and bio insecticides have been developed. These chemicals are environment friendly and help in preventing pollution of the environment. Environmental pollution contributes a lot in environment deterioration, diseases increase (in humans, animals and plants) and affects water resources and other natural resources. Environmental pollution has encouraged global warming that has in turn resulted to natural disasters (floods, famine and drought, and hurricanes). These natural disasters cause intense damage to property, transport systems and death. Use of bio-herbicides and insecticides reduce the effects that contribute to disasters that are environmentally related. These chemicals reduce the dangerous effects of chemicals that have been used in the past; non-friendly to the environment. The chemicals can be absorbed in the human environment without causing hazards. Biotechnology as a technique is applied in conservation of soil, water and energy. These resources support the entire human population survival . The resources exploitation or destruction may put to risk the human survival. Both humans and animals depend on the plant resources for their food. Minerals that are extracted from the natural environment are used in the pharmaceutical industry to produce drugs. Others are used to build residential and working facilities. Therefore, people need to protect these resources from over-exploitation and instead promote sustainable use of the resources. In the mission to protect the environment people are inventing measures that will ensure sustainable utilization of the resources. As above stated, chemicals that are genetically produced is environmental -friendly. This ensures that they do not change or affect the soil structure and its fertility. Wild animals are protected from poisoning through the use of non-environmental friendly chemicals on the natural environment. Water sources are protected from poisoning. Both plants and animals in the wild utilize water and poisoning of this water will adversely affect the aquatic organisms that live in the water resources www. gwu. edu/-guides/arts/philosophy. html. The GMOs on the other hand have negative effects on people, environment and safety, also local and global effects. The organism make up of an organism assists a person in resisting diseases in the body system. The GMOs may cause allergies in individuals due to the interference of the genetic composition. The antibiotic resistance markers in the body are transferred reducing the resistance of that person against the disease causing organisms . The environment is exposed to chemicals that in turn affect the natural cycle of the environment. Genetically modified plants may harbour disease vectors that may affect the animals. Allergies introduce other health complications to both humans and animals. Organisms that may be exposed to negative effects of use of GMOs become more susceptible to diseases (www. -sul. Stanford. edu/guides/bietics. html). . Better waste management has been developed as a result of genetically modified organisms. Wastes require to be disposed in the best way possible that does not pose danger to the people or the environment itself. Products those are less harmful to the people if disposed guarantee a community safe waste management. Any waste that is disposed in the environment requires being biodegradable and causing minimal effects to the environment. The waste is easily absorbed in the existing environment without threatening humans and animals, as well as the plant life. There is more efficient processing of products and bio processing of forestry products (Bioethics. georgetown. edu/publications/scopenotes/sn38. htm). In human societies, genetically modified organisms have increased food security for the growing populations worldwide. The food production is increased through huge harvests. Increased yields enable a country to satisfy the nutritional needs of its people . In addition more food can be stored for future use. This guarantees the people of enough food even in cases of unfavourable weather conditions (drought, floods) that may reduce the crop production. A good harvest is as a result of early maturity, disease-tolerant crops, pest resistant crops and their ability to adapt to the adverse weather conditions. The crops are more stress-tolerant and will survive in changing environments. Animal products that supplement human diet can also be produced in high amounts as a result of increased resistance to diseases, increased hardiness and feeding efficiency as well as improved diagnostic methods. Animal products provide food source that supplement the crop products. Increasing human populations have necessitated increase in animal products to satisfy the ever-increasing human needs. Genetically produced animal organisms will also increase in production and their products also easily available to the people. Increased food security prevents scarcity of food even in the events of droughts or floods. The global environment is threatened by the use of genetically modified organisms. Both plants and animal populations have been affected. In a natural environment, conservation of gene diversity is very crucial. Disappearance of a species causes reduction in the genetic diversity. The process of evolution and natural selection favour the survival of organisms with the best genes. Genetic engineering may result to the change of genes that are important for an organism to survive. A species changed wiping out of that species through natural selection. These organisms can therefore be said to threaten survival of some species for example, unintended transfer of transgenes through cross-pollination, effects on soil microbes, and loss of flora and fauna diversity. These changes in turn affect the natural cycle in the environment www. questia. com/Ethics-in-education. To the humans, the genetically modified foods are said to cause health problems. Since they are genetically engineered, the animal and crop products threaten the safety of the person consuming the product. The threats posed by the genetically modified foods vary according to the organism type being modified and the intended application of the modified organism. Products that can enter the human food supply are primary causes of problems in the human health. The GMOs are potential causal factors of food allergies. The allergic reactions result when a normally harmless protein stimulates an immune response after it enters the body, (Bernstein et al, 2003). The allergic response is activated b an introduction of a new gene in the human body, which is from a source with allergic components. The source may also be new to the human body system. This increases allergic reactions possibility. Compared to its traditional counterpart, genetically engineered plant may have decreased nutritional value. This is because a GMO is said to make nutrients in that plant to become unavailable or indigestible to the people. For example, a study conducted showed a strain of genetically modified soybean produce phytoestrogen compound levels. The phytoestrogen compounds in the soybean are believed to protect against heart diseases and cancer. This is as compared to the traditional strain of the soybean. (Bakshi, 2003). Both humans and animals have bacteria that live in the body system. These bacteria have very vital roles in the body. Genetically modified foods consumed may cause these bacteria to pick up antibiotic resistance gene before the complete digestion of the DNA. This results to the antibiotic resistance in the body systems (GEO-PIE website). In terms of access and intellectual property, genetically modified foods causes few companies to dominate world food production. The technology that is applied in gene engineering is very expensive and not easy to acquire. Therefore, only few companies have the knowledge and technical know-how to produce the organisms. This will result to monopolization of the market by these few companies. Reduction in competition will cause the price of these foods to go up. This will in turn deny food to the poor or those who cannot afford these productswww. healthsystem. virginia. edu/internet/bio-ethics/bibliographylombardo. cfm. The developing countries dependency on industrialized countries will increase. Dependency of developing countries on the developed country violates their rights to conduct their government affairs independently. The countries sometimes are blackmailed into accepting political stands that compromise the welfare of their citizens. Laws and policies that should be developed in the country, address more issues that benefit the developed countries, rather than their own country (Jonathan et al, 2006). The process of developing the genetically modified organisms involves the foreign exploitation of natural resources. This is referred to as biopiracy. (Muse. jhu. edu/journals/kennedy-institute-of ethics-journal). This is whereby foreign firms or companies exploit natural resources that belong to others without their authority and recognization. Some companies have been said to exploit resources from the indigenous communities and patenting them as their own. This can be viewed as undermining of natural resources by people who do not own them (Khushf et al, 2004). The genetic engineering advances are thought to direct interests of rich countries. The rich countries gain economically by supplying GMOS to the global market, while the poor developed countries loose. Developing countries lack the technological know how in producing genetically modified organisms. If the organisms were to be introduced in the developing countries, it would be very expensive for the country or its citizens to afford the products www. bu. edu/library/guides/biethics. html. In my own view, genetically modified foods should not be introduced in the market due to the adverse effects they can cause to people, environment and society, (Glad et al, 2008). These effects cannot be ignored due to the further complications they cause to humans, animals and the overall environment. Their advantages can be equited to the negative effects they cause. The organisms should be developed without causing the harm they have caused in the past, if they are to be introduced for everyone to consume. Though these organisms do assist in solving food problems, other methods of ensuring maximum food production without posing threats should be applied. Research in the medical field, through biotechnology has helped in manufacturing of more effective drugs by pharmaceutical companies. Minimizing negative effects that may result should develop these drugs. The organisms’ benefits should be enjoyed without at the same time becoming a hazard. Conclusion Genetically modified organisms are diverse and are beneficial to the humans, animals and plants. Their benefits to human, animals and the environment are benefits to be appreciated Humans can have enough food, diseases can be prevented and the environment protected from exploitation. GMOs definitely contribute to the well being of life on earth in various ways. However they also have their negative side to life on earth. Diseases and infections have been encouraged by the organisms, environmental pollution and poisoning of human, animals and plant life. In future the testing of the Genetically Modified Organisms will be very important to ensure that the benefits outweigh the demerits and costs of development. This is the only way that the moral and ethics of life on earth will be propagated. Genetically Modified Organisms that may be introduced should be acceptable if the benefits people acquire from them are so important and many their negative effects can be comfortably sidelined. References Anderson . K and Lee Ann Jackson . 2005. Some Implications of GM food Technology policies for Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of African Economies Bakshi 2003. Genetically modified organisms; harmful effects Bernstein et al, 2003 Cohen, S. Chang, A. Boyerit. Helling R. 1973. Construction of Biologically Functional Bacterial Plasmids in Vitro. Glad, John. 2008. Future Human Evolution; Eugenis in the Twenty-First Century: Hermitage Press. James 2001. Principles of Biomedical Ethics, Oxford, New York; Oxford University Press Jonsen, Albert; Veatch, Robert Walters, Leroy (1998). Source Book in Bioethics, Washington; Georgetown University Press. Jonathan, Baron. 2006. Against Bio-ethics. Khushf, Tom(ed) 2004. Handbook of Bio-ethics; Taking Stock of the Field from a Philosophical Perspective. McGee, Glenn (2003). Pragmatic Bioethics, Cambridge Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. Murphy, Timothy. 2004. Case Studies in Biomedical Research Ethics. The MIT Press. Smith, Nick. April 13, 2000. â€Å"Seeds of opportunity† An assessment of the Benefits, safety and oversight of plant Genomics and Agriculture Biotechnology. www. eubios. info/betext. htm www. dartmouth. edu-biomed/resources. htmld/bioethics. shtml www. sciencemag. org/feature/plus/sfg/education/index. dtl Bioethics. georgetown. edu/publications/scopenotes/sn38. htm www. questia. com/Ethics-in-education www. healthsystem. virginia. edu/internet/bio-ethics/bibliographylombardo. cfm www. bu. edu/library/guides/biethics. html www. gwu. edu/-guides/arts/philosophy. html Muse. jhu. edu/journals/kennedy-institute-of ethics-journal www. -sul. Stanford. edu/guides/bietics. html

Education Essay Example

Education Essay Example Education Essay Education Essay Education isn’t †¦ . seting cognition into psyches that lack it. like seting sight into unsighted eyes†¦ . The power to larn is present in everyone’s psyche and †¦ . the instrument with which each learns is like an oculus that can non be turned around from darkness to visible radiation without turning the whole body†¦ . Education is the trade concerned with making this really thing. this turning about. and with how the psyche can most easy and efficaciously be made to make it†¦ . . Education takes for granted that sight is at that place but that it isn’t turned the right manner or looking where it ought to look. and it tries to airt it suitably. [ 518c-518d ] This transition is from Plato. Republic VII. that negotiations about the instruction in peculiar. Plato emphasizes the description of instruction chiefly of what it is and what it is non. In the first reading of this transition. you might see acquiring confuse from the world of what is instruction and the side of instruction non seen by adult male. At first. the reader might see the point of views in this transition every bit unified to organize a individual idea or otherwise. to direct two different accents in one incorporate idea. Remarkable ideas comprehending contradictions and judgement may besides originate. The intrinsic factor go arounding in this transition is the value embedded in the word instruction. During the times of celebrated philosophers. Socrates and Plato. wisdom is so every bit valuable as gold. The value of human mind is far more than the value of a palace. That is how they give importance in accomplishing wisdom. Education is everything for them. There are assorted points that identify the significance of Plato’s Education that is being addressed non merely to Socrates but besides to the reader itself. Analyzing the transition reveals two opposing thoughts embedded in this Plato’s position. Let us seek to analyze the transition. piece by piece. Education takes for granted that sight is there†¦ In this portion. Plato emphasizes two different footings peculiarly Education and Sight. Education is an of import facet in our society. Harmonizing to the book. The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Spirituality. written by Wakefield ( 1983 ) . the transition in Plato’s The Republic 518d reveals that an object of instruction is the moral-intellectual turning of the psyche. The Christians are utilizing this transition in order to permeate justification in their spiritual belief of renewed life. As for the Christians. they believe that credence of the Lord Jesus Christ can regenerate your life provided you are willing and low plenty to squeal all your wickednesss. This belief requires instruction for you to be cognizant of such being. As the term implies. instruction can do turning of the psyche. Awareness is the cardinal gift that instruction brings to a individual. hence uncovering to the individual the things he or she needs to cognize ( p. 96 ) . The term sight refers straight to what can the eyes perceive. It is the sensory and physical position of what instruction is. As the stating implies. To see is to Believe. The beginning of wisdom is non by seeing but by believing. The sight can merely assist you see what is physically present nevertheless. it does non uncover to you the rules. basicss and constructs that are so unseeable to our eyes. Not everything is executable to the eyes. The universe may be present merely the manner it is seen by our bare eyes. nevertheless think of those things non yet revealed to us: those things that all the while we thought myths. narratives and fables. Are these things faithlessly. human imaginativeness. or merely made up by the playful heads of our ascendants? Or. truth? The beliing constructs of sight and consciousness through instruction collide in the instance of stuff truth versus presuming truth. Harmonizing to the transition. provides truth based on non merely perceivable substances or stuffs but besides those things that are imperceptible by any of our esthesiss. However. sight provides truth based on the stuff presence. existent being and capacity to be perceived by the senses. This. nevertheless. is taken for granted by instruction. It pierces right into those things that are bing and reveals those things that are bing yet. non bing to the eyes. But that it isn’t turned the right way†¦ The word that pertains to education and non the sight. Education in this point of view is being redirected. non by sight nor any other agencies indicated. There are no mentioned apparent factors that facilitate the redirection of instruction. In fact. this is dry in the first statement. As analyzed in the first statement. instruction brings forth consciousness nevertheless ; in the following parts. it becomes redirected. If this is the instance. so confusion is now present. If logic is applied so this means instruction is conveying in a redirected consciousness. This status manifests in some points of our lives. We thought that consciousness brought by instruction is already the true and concluding consciousness ; nevertheless. in the terminal. we end up recognizing that beliefs of ours are misconceptions. These are incorrect beliefs that all the while we thought the right thing to follow. We move in this transition of redirected consciousness. The following transition follows up. Or looking where it ought to look †¦ In this phrase. the state of affairs of instruction becomes rather altering. Education is likened to a individual who can look back to the topographic point that the individual should be. In this instance. consciousness occurs in consciousness as instruction realizes its way. Education produces realisation and this realisation helps awareness to be redirected is a complete statement of Irony if logic is applied. There are apparent state of affairs in which this instance manifests in our lives. These conditions are those things that we do yet. we realize that we are non supposed to make this. However. out of pressing fortunes. we are forced to make such action. and the lone thing that we can make is to look back and believe about the things that we are suppose to make. Education’s consciousness does non ever carry through its intent of diverting our manner. It helps us recognize because we are cognizant but recognizing is different from airting. In this stage. what we know is right. It is non any longer misconception because we know and we have justified its truth. The lone job is we do non set into action those things that we know. Last. and it tries to airt it appropriately†¦ It is the start of redirection. In this stage. truth. realisation and determination devising eventually occurs. Education decides to convey about the world of what is truly go oning and contradicting the influence of incorrect waies. In the latter stages. foremost. truth is non present and other factors as good. Second. truth is already present every bit good as realisation nevertheless. redirection is non yet get downing. In this stage. it is the start of new life. Education truly means turning of the psyche. The procedure that involves is really delicate and apparent every bit good. The conditions in this stage occur in our lives. There are instances wherein we realize the truth of the state of affairs. and so returns in the designation of those act uponing factors that provided the incorrect truth. After happening them. we analyze and provide solutions to rectify this misconception beginning. The merchandise of this rectification. nevertheless. does non bring forth flawlessness of actions. Misconception is corrected by the world of truth. However. truth varies from people to people’s perceptual experience and sentiment. This status might put a individual into bondage of alleged truth. Again. we can see this as misconception. nevertheless another instance occurs wherein we become cognizant of the truth yet we can non get away the misconceptions miring our mobility. If we identify these miring factors and make up ones mind in ourselves to be free from these entrapments. so we are so traveling. redirecting and going appropriate. Education in the passe shows a man’s rhythm of being trapped from incorrect truth and turning out from this trap. This status brings the ideal and right truths nevertheless. in the terminal it is still human existences. We hold our ain lives. We hold our determinations. We hold our hereafter. Awareness is their waiting to be heard and waiting to be perceived. Therefore. enduring from misconception is non ever an alibi every bit good us ignorance. hence the stating ignorance does non pardon any individual from the law is so true. It is our portion to make the turning of psyche. Education is non everything. By holding the right instruction and our actions joint together is considered the fulfilment of everything we ought to make. Plato is in the terminal is right about his transition.